Reproduction in Plants

Topic: Vegetative Propagation; Subtopic: Asexual Reproduction

Keyword Definitions:

• Vegetative Propagule: A plant part capable of giving rise to a new individual, used in asexual reproduction.

• Eyes of Potato: Buds on the tuber capable of sprouting new plants.

• Rhizome of Ginger: Underground horizontal stem that can develop into a new plant.

• Bulbil of Agave: Small bulb-like structures on the plant that can grow into a new plant.

• Zoospore: Motile spore produced by some algae for asexual reproduction but not a vegetative propagule.

• Buds in Hydra: Formed by asexual reproduction in animals and not a plant vegetative propagule.

Lead Question - 2022 (Abroad)
Which of the following is/are vegetative propagule(s)?
(a) Eyes of Potato
(b) Zoospore of Chlamydomonas
(c) Rhizome of Ginger
(d) Buds in Hydra
(e) Bulbil of Agave
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
1. (e) only
2. (a), (c), (e) only
3. (a), (b), (c), (d) only
4. (b), (d) only
Explanation: The correct answer is (a), (c), (e) only. Vegetative propagules are plant parts that develop into a new individual asexually. Eyes of potato, rhizome of ginger, and bulbil of agave are classic vegetative propagules. Zoospores of Chlamydomonas are asexual reproductive spores, not vegetative propagules, and buds in Hydra are animal-based asexual reproduction. These vegetative structures allow rapid multiplication and preservation of plant traits without sexual reproduction, which is especially useful in agriculture and horticulture for uniform crop production and propagation of desirable varieties.

1. Single Correct Answer Type:
Which of the following is an underground vegetative propagule?
1. Bulbil of Agave
2. Rhizome of Ginger
3. Eyes of Potato
4. Zoospore of Chlamydomonas
Explanation: The correct answer is Rhizome of Ginger. Rhizomes are underground horizontal stems that can produce new shoots and roots, forming new plants. They are vegetative propagules used in asexual reproduction. Unlike bulbs or eyes of potato which are modified stems or buds, rhizomes spread underground and store nutrients, facilitating propagation and survival during unfavorable conditions, making them highly efficient for vegetative multiplication.

2. Single Correct Answer Type:
Which propagule is used for asexual propagation in potato?
1. Bulbil
2. Rhizome
3. Eyes of Potato
4. Zoospore
Explanation: The correct answer is Eyes of Potato. Eyes are dormant buds present on potato tubers capable of sprouting into new plants. They serve as vegetative propagules for asexual reproduction. Planting tubers with healthy eyes ensures rapid multiplication and uniform growth of crops, preserving parental traits. Unlike zoospores or rhizomes, these structures are modified stems specifically adapted for agricultural propagation of potatoes.

3. Single Correct Answer Type:
Bulbils are commonly found in which plant?
1. Potato
2. Ginger
3. Agave
4. Chlamydomonas
Explanation: The correct answer is Agave. Bulbils are small bulb-like structures produced on aerial parts of Agave. They detach and grow into new plants asexually. Bulbils act as vegetative propagules, ensuring rapid multiplication. Unlike eyes of potato or rhizomes of ginger, they form above ground, providing an effective natural method of propagation and maintaining genetic uniformity without sexual reproduction.

4. Single Correct Answer Type:
Which of the following is NOT a vegetative propagule?
1. Rhizome of Ginger
2. Eyes of Potato
3. Zoospore of Chlamydomonas
4. Bulbil of Agave
Explanation: The correct answer is Zoospore of Chlamydomonas. Zoospores are motile asexual spores produced by algae for reproduction, not vegetative propagation. Vegetative propagules are plant parts like rhizomes, eyes, or bulbils that give rise to a new individual. Zoospores differ because they are reproductive cells capable of dispersal and germination, rather than existing plant structures used for cloning.

5. Single Correct Answer Type:
Rhizome as a vegetative propagule is advantageous because:
1. It produces genetically variable offspring
2. It stores nutrients for sprouting
3. It requires pollination
4. It grows only above ground
Explanation: The correct answer is It stores nutrients for sprouting. Rhizomes store food materials, enabling new shoots and roots to emerge, ensuring survival and propagation. This vegetative propagule allows rapid, uniform multiplication without pollination, unlike sexual reproduction. Nutrient storage also helps plants withstand adverse conditions and ensures energy supply for growth of new plants from the rhizome.

6. Single Correct Answer Type:
Which propagule grows on the body of the parent plant?
1. Rhizome
2. Bulbil
3. Eyes of Potato
4. Zoospore
Explanation: The correct answer is Bulbil. Bulbils are formed on aerial parts of the parent plant and can detach to grow into new plants. Unlike underground rhizomes or eyes of potato, bulbils develop externally. They are vegetative propagules providing asexual reproduction, preserving genetic traits, and facilitating rapid plant multiplication without the need for seeds.

7. Assertion-Reason Type:
Assertion (A): Eyes of potato, rhizome of ginger, and bulbil of Agave are vegetative propagules.
Reason (R): They develop into new individuals without fertilization.
1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
3. A is true, R is false
4. A is false, R is true
Explanation: Both Assertion and Reason are correct. Eyes of potato, rhizomes of ginger, and bulbil of Agave are vegetative propagules because they give rise to new plants asexually. The reason explains the assertion accurately, as these structures bypass sexual reproduction and fertilization, allowing rapid multiplication and preservation of parental genetic traits, which is especially useful in agriculture and horticulture.

8. Matching Type:
Match the propagule with its type:
A. Eyes of Potato → (i) Aerial bud
B. Rhizome of Ginger → (ii) Underground stem
C. Bulbil of Agave → (iii) Aerial bulb-like structure
D. Zoospore → (iv) Motile spore
1. A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)
2. A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii)
3. A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(ii)
4. A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(i)
Explanation: Correct matching is A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv). Eyes of potato are buds on tubers, rhizomes are underground stems, bulbils are aerial bulb-like propagules, and zoospores are motile spores in algae. Vegetative propagules like eyes, rhizomes, and bulbils enable asexual reproduction, whereas zoospores are reproductive but not vegetative, highlighting structural and functional differences.

9. Fill in the Blanks Type:
______ and ______ are examples of vegetative propagules used in agriculture.
1. Zoospore, Buds in Hydra
2. Eyes of Potato, Rhizome of Ginger
3. Zoospore, Bulbil of Agave
4. Buds in Hydra, Rhizome of Ginger
Explanation: The correct answer is Eyes of Potato, Rhizome of Ginger. Both are vegetative propagules, allowing asexual reproduction in plants. They produce new individuals identical to the parent and are widely used in agriculture for rapid, uniform crop propagation. Unlike zoospores or animal buds, these plant structures ensure trait preservation, nutrient storage, and consistent crop yield without sexual reproduction or fertilization.

10. Choose the Correct Statements Type:
Which of the following statements are correct regarding vegetative propagules?
1. Eyes of potato, rhizome, and bulbil are vegetative propagules
2. Zoospore and Hydra buds are vegetative propagules
3. Vegetative propagules reproduce sexually
4. Bulbils develop into new individuals asexually
Explanation: Correct statements are 1 and 4. Eyes of potato, rhizomes, and bulbils are vegetative propagules, reproducing asexually without fertilization. They enable rapid propagation and trait preservation. Zoospores and Hydra buds are asexual reproductive structures but not vegetative propagules. Vegetative propagation is essential in agriculture and horticulture for uniformity, high yield, and fast multiplication of desirable plant varieties.

Topic: Seed Structure and Function; Subtopic: Structure of Monocot and Dicot Seeds

• Seed coat: The protective outer covering of a seed that prevents physical damage and dehydration.

• Scutellum: A specialized cotyledon found in grass seeds (monocots) that absorbs nutrients from the endosperm.

• Endosperm: The nutritive tissue in seed plants formed after fertilization, providing nourishment to the developing embryo.

• Pericarp: The wall of a fruit developed from the ovary wall after fertilization, which may consist of exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.

• Cotyledon: The embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, often storing food or aiding in nutrient absorption during germination.

• Hypocotyl: The part of a germinating seedling below the cotyledons that develops into the stem.

• Endocarp: The innermost layer of the pericarp, surrounding and protecting the seed within a fruit.

• Microphyle: A small pore in the seed coat that allows water absorption and gas exchange during germination.

• Coleoptile: The sheath protecting a young shoot tip in monocot seedlings as it grows upward.

• Embryo: The young developing plant inside a seed, consisting of the embryonic root, shoot, and cotyledons.

• Monocot seed: A seed containing one cotyledon, typically having a scutellum and a large endosperm (e.g., maize, wheat).

Lead Question - 2022 (Abroad)

Which of the following set represents the correct labelling of A, B, C and D with respect to the given diagram (outer to innermost)?

1. A- Seed Coat, B- Cotyledon, C- Endosperm, D - Hypocotyl

2. A- Seed Coat, B- Scutellum, C- Endocarp, D - Mesocarp

3. A- Seed Coat, B- Scutellum, C- Microphyle, D - Endocarp

4. A- Pericarp, B - Coleoptile

Explanation: The correct labelling sequence from outer to inner layers in a monocot seed (like maize) is: A-Seed Coat, B-Scutellum, C-Endosperm, D-Hypocotyl. The seed coat protects the seed, scutellum absorbs nutrients, endosperm stores food, and hypocotyl forms the lower stem region. Hence, option 1 is correct.

Q1: The single cotyledon present in the seed of maize is known as:

1. Radicle

2. Scutellum

3. Endosperm

4. Epicotyl

Explanation: In monocot seeds like maize, the single cotyledon is called the scutellum. It is a thin, shield-shaped structure that absorbs nutrients from the endosperm to feed the growing embryo. It is characteristic of all members of the grass family. Hence, the correct answer is scutellum.

Q2: The embryonic axis above the level of cotyledons is called:

1. Radicle

2. Epicotyl

3. Hypocotyl

4. Plumule

Explanation: The epicotyl is the portion of the embryonic axis above the cotyledons. It elongates to form the shoot and leaves after germination. The hypocotyl lies below the cotyledons and connects to the radicle. Hence, the correct answer is epicotyl.

Q3: The nutritive tissue of the seed that nourishes the embryo is:

1. Pericarp

2. Endosperm

3. Scutellum

4. Micropyle

Explanation: The endosperm is a triploid nutritive tissue formed after double fertilization in angiosperms. It supplies nutrients such as starch, proteins, and oils to the developing embryo during germination. Thus, the correct answer is endosperm.

Q4: The outer covering of the seed is derived from:

1. Ovary wall

2. Integuments of ovule

3. Embryo sac

4. Funicle

Explanation: The seed coat originates from the integuments of the ovule. The outer integument forms the testa, and the inner integument forms the tegmen. It serves as a protective barrier against desiccation and pathogens. Hence, the correct answer is integuments of ovule.

Q5: The micropyle in a seed helps in:

1. Food storage

2. Water absorption

3. Seed dispersal

4. Protection of embryo

Explanation: The micropyle is a small pore left in the seed coat through which water enters during germination. It also allows the exchange of gases and passage of pollen tube during fertilization. Hence, water absorption is its main role. Correct answer is water absorption.

Q6: Which of the following is not a part of the embryo?

1. Plumule

2. Radicle

3. Endosperm

4. Cotyledon

Explanation: The endosperm is not part of the embryo. It is a nutritive tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo. The embryo consists of plumule, radicle, and cotyledons. Hence, the correct answer is endosperm.

Q7 (Assertion-Reason): Assertion (A): Maize seed is albuminous. Reason (R): The endosperm persists and stores food even after seed maturation.

1. (A) is correct but (R) is not correct

2. (A) is not correct but (R) is correct

3. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

4. Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Explanation: Maize seeds are albuminous because the endosperm remains persistent and provides nourishment during germination. Both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason correctly explains the assertion. Therefore, the correct answer is both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Q8 (Matching Type): Match the parts of a seed with their functions:

1. Scutellum    A. Absorbs nutrients from endosperm
2. Micropyle    B. Allows water entry
3. Endosperm    C. Provides nourishment
4. Testa    D. Protects the seed

1. 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C

3. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A

4. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B

Explanation: The scutellum absorbs nutrients from the endosperm (A), the micropyle allows water entry (B), the endosperm provides nourishment (C), and the testa protects the seed (D). Hence, the correct match is 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D.

Q9 (Fill in the Blank): The portion of the embryonic axis that gives rise to the root system is called ________.

1. Plumule

2. Hypocotyl

3. Radicle

4. Cotyledon

Explanation: The radicle is the first structure to emerge during germination, forming the primary root system. It ensures anchorage and absorption of water for the growing seedling. Hence, the correct answer is radicle.

Q10 (Choose the Correct Statements): Choose the correct statements:

1. In maize, the seed is endospermic.

2. The seed coat is fused with the pericarp.

3. Scutellum acts as a food-absorbing organ.

4. Monocot seeds possess two cotyledons.

Explanation: Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Maize seed is endospermic with persistent endosperm; its seed coat fuses with pericarp, and the scutellum functions as an absorptive organ. The last statement is false because monocots have one cotyledon. Correct answer: 1, 2, and 3.

Subtopic: Placentation Types

• Placentation: Arrangement of ovules within the ovary of a flower.

• Ovule: Structure in seed plants that develops into a seed after fertilization.

• Central Axis: The main axis of the ovary where ovules are attached in certain types of placentation.

• Septa: Internal walls dividing the ovary into locules.

• Axile Placentation: Ovules attached to central axis with septa dividing the ovary.

• Free Central Placentation: Ovules attached to central axis without septa; ovary appears unilocular.

• Marginal Placentation: Ovules attached along the suture of a single carpel.

• Parietal Placentation: Ovules borne on inner ovary wall; ovary appears unilocular.

• Flower Anatomy: Study of structural organization of flowers including ovary, ovules, and carpels.

• Primrose: Example of free central placentation.

• China-rose: Example of axile placentation.

Lead Question - 2022 (Abroad)

Which of the following plants possesses the placentation of ovules borne on central axis with no septa?

1. Lemon

2. Pea

3. China-rose

4. Primrose

Explanation: Primrose exhibits free central placentation where ovules are attached to a central axis without septa, making the ovary appear unilocular. Lemon and China-rose show axile placentation with septa, and pea has marginal placentation. This type ensures maximum ovule exposure for fertilization. Answer: Primrose. Answer: 4

Q1: In axile placentation, ovules are attached:

1. To the central axis with septa

2. Along ovary wall

3. On one side of carpel

4. At the base of ovary

Explanation: Axile placentation features ovules attached to the central axis with septa dividing the ovary into multiple locules. This arrangement allows organized ovule distribution and is seen in China-rose and tomato. Answer: To the central axis with septa. Answer: 1

Q2: Marginal placentation is characteristic of:

1. Pea

2. Lemon

3. Primrose

4. China-rose

Explanation: In marginal placentation, ovules are borne along the suture of a single carpel, typical of legumes like pea. The ovary is unilocular and lacks a central axis or septa. This arrangement ensures a simple linear ovule attachment. Answer: Pea. Answer: 1

Q3: Which type of placentation has ovules attached to inner ovary wall?

1. Axile

2. Parietal

3. Free central

4. Marginal

Explanation: Parietal placentation features ovules attached to the inner ovary wall in a unilocular ovary. Septa are absent. Examples include mustard and cucumber. It differs from axile and free central placentation. Answer: Parietal. Answer: 2

Q4: Free central placentation is seen in:

1. Tomato

2. Cucumber

3. Primrose

4. Pea

Explanation: Free central placentation has ovules attached to an unbranched central column without septa. Primrose is a classic example. It provides maximum space for ovules within a single locule, facilitating fertilization. Answer: Primrose. Answer: 3

Q5: The number of locules in free central placentation is usually:

1. One

2. Two

3. Three

4. Four

Explanation: Free central placentation results in a unilocular ovary because septa are absent. The central axis carries ovules freely, unlike axile placentation, where multiple locules are formed. This design allows efficient seed development. Answer: One. Answer: 1

Q6: Axile placentation differs from free central by:

1. Presence of septa

2. Unilocular ovary

3. Ovules attached along suture

4. Only one ovule per ovary

Explanation: Axile placentation differs from free central in having septa that divide the ovary into multiple locules, with ovules on the central axis. Free central has no septa and remains unilocular. Examples: China-rose (axile), Primrose (free central). Answer: Presence of septa. Answer: 1

Q7: Assertion (A): Free central placentation lacks septa.
Reason (R): Ovules are attached to a central axis without partitioning.

1. A is correct but R is not correct

2. A is not correct but R is correct

3. Both A and R are correct and R explains A

4. Both A and R are correct but R does not explain A

Explanation: In free central placentation, ovules are borne on an unbranched central column without septa, making the ovary unilocular. The reason correctly explains the assertion. Both statements are true and logically connected. Answer: Both A and R are correct and R explains A. Answer: 3

Q8: Match plant with its placentation type:

1. Pea    A. Marginal
2. China-rose    B. Axile
3. Primrose    C. Free central
4. Lemon    D. Axile

1. 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D

2. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C

3. 1-C, 2-B, 3-A, 4-D

4. 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A

Explanation: Pea exhibits marginal placentation, China-rose and lemon show axile placentation, and Primrose has free central placentation. This matching clarifies placentation types for different plants. Answer: 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D. Answer: 1

Q9: In ______ placentation, ovules are attached to the ovary wall.

1. Axile

2. Parietal

3. Free central

4. Marginal

Explanation: Parietal placentation features ovules attached to the inner ovary wall in a unilocular ovary without septa. It differs from axile and free central placentation where ovules are on a central axis. Examples include mustard. Answer: Parietal. Answer: 2

Q10: Select correct statements regarding free central placentation:

1. Ovules attached to central axis

2. No septa present

3. Ovary is unilocular

4. Seen in Primrose

Explanation: Free central placentation has ovules on a central axis without septa, resulting in a unilocular ovary. Primrose is a classical example. All statements are correct and describe the characteristic features of free central placentation. Answer: All of the above. Answer: 1,2,3,4

Topic: Ploidy and Plant Life Cycle

Subtopic: Haploid and Diploid Structures

• Haploid: A cell or structure containing a single set of chromosomes (n).

• Diploid: A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).

• Microspore: Haploid spore produced by meiosis in microsporangia, gives rise to male gametophyte.

• Microspore Mother Cell: Diploid cell in anther that undergoes meiosis to produce haploid microspores.

• Endosperm: Tissue in seeds, usually triploid (3n) in dicots, formed by fusion of sperm with polar nuclei.

• Protonemal Cell: Haploid filamentous stage of moss gametophyte developing from spore.

• Primary Endospore Nucleus: Early nucleus formed in spores; ploidy depends on parent cell.

• Dicot: Angiosperm plant with two cotyledons in seed.

• Double Fertilization: Process where one sperm fertilizes egg forming zygote and another fertilizes central cell forming endosperm.

• Gametophyte: Haploid phase of plant life cycle producing gametes.

• Sporophyte: Diploid phase producing spores via meiosis.

Lead Question - 2022 (Abroad)

Which one of the following structures is haploid in its ploidy level?

1. Primary Endospore Nucleus

2. Microspore Mother cell

3. Protonemal cell of a moss

4. Primary endosperm nucleus in dicot

Explanation: Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n). Protonemal cells of moss develop from haploid spores and are part of the gametophyte, thus haploid. Microspore mother cells are diploid (2n), endosperm nucleus is typically triploid (3n), and primary endospore nucleus ploidy depends on parent. Correct answer: Protonemal cell of a moss. Answer: 3

Q1: Which stage of plant life cycle is haploid?

1. Sporophyte

2. Gametophyte

3. Zygote

4. Endosperm

Explanation: Gametophyte stage in plants is haploid (n) and produces gametes via mitosis. Sporophyte is diploid (2n), zygote is diploid, and endosperm is usually triploid. Therefore, haploid stage is gametophyte. Answer: Gametophyte. Answer: 2

Q2: In angiosperms, microspores are produced by:

1. Mitosis of microspore mother cell

2. Meiosis of microspore mother cell

3. Fertilization of egg

4. Mitosis of gametophyte

Explanation: Microspores arise from meiosis of diploid microspore mother cells in anther. Each microspore is haploid (n) and develops into male gametophyte. Fertilization and mitosis of gametophyte produce zygote or gametes, not microspores. Answer: Meiosis of microspore mother cell. Answer: 2

Q3: Primary endosperm nucleus in dicots is:

1. Haploid

2. Diploid

3. Triploid

4. Tetraploid

Explanation: In dicots, primary endosperm nucleus forms by fusion of one sperm (n) with two polar nuclei (each n), giving triploid (3n) endosperm. Haploid or diploid options are incorrect. Answer: Triploid. Answer: 3

Q4: Protonemal cell arises from:

1. Diploid spore

2. Haploid spore

3. Endosperm

4. Zygote

Explanation: Moss spores are haploid, and they germinate to form protonemal filaments (haploid), which then produce gametophytes. Diploid spores, endosperm, or zygote do not form protonema. Answer: Haploid spore. Answer: 2

Q5: Which of the following structures is diploid?

1. Protonemal cell

2. Microspore

3. Microspore mother cell

4. Gamete

Explanation: Microspore mother cell is diploid (2n) and undergoes meiosis to produce haploid microspores. Protonema, microspore, and gametes are haploid. Answer: Microspore mother cell. Answer: 3

Q6: Which structure gives rise to male gametophyte in flowering plants?

1. Microspore

2. Megaspore

3. Sperm

4. Primary endosperm nucleus

Explanation: Microspores are haploid spores produced by meiosis in anther. Each develops into male gametophyte (pollen grain). Megaspore forms female gametophyte, sperm participates in fertilization, and primary endosperm nucleus forms endosperm. Answer: Microspore. Answer: 1

Q7: Assertion (A): Protonemal cells of moss are haploid.
Reason (R): Moss life cycle alternates between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte.

1. A is correct but R is not correct

2. A is not correct but R is correct

3. Both A and R are correct and R explains A

4. Both A and R are correct but R does not explain A

Explanation: Protonemal cells arise from haploid spores and form gametophyte. Moss exhibits alternation of generations: haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte. Both assertion and reason are correct, and reason explains why protonemal cells are haploid. Answer: Both A and R are correct and R explains A. Answer: 3

Q8: Match plant structures with ploidy:

A. Zygote    1. n
B. Gamete    2. 2n
C. Endosperm (dicot)    3. 3n

1. A-2, B-1, C-3

2. A-1, B-2, C-3

3. A-2, B-2, C-1

4. A-3, B-1, C-2

Explanation: Zygote is diploid (2n), gamete is haploid (n), and dicot endosperm is triploid (3n). Correct matching: A-2, B-1, C-3. Answer: 1

Q9: The haploid filamentous stage in moss is called ______.

1. Protonema

2. Sporophyte

3. Gametophyte

4. Endosperm

Explanation: Protonema is the haploid filamentous stage of moss developing from spore. It forms gametophyte which produces gametes. Sporophyte is diploid, gametophyte is mature haploid plant, endosperm is triploid. Answer: Protonema. Answer: 1

Q10: Choose correct statements about haploid structures:

1. Protonemal cell is haploid

2. Microspore is haploid

3. Microspore mother cell is haploid

4. Gametophyte is haploid

Explanation: Protonemal cells, microspores, and gametophytes are haploid. Microspore mother cells are diploid. Correct statements: 1, 2, 4. Answer: 1, 2, 4

Topic: Ploidy and Endosperm Formation

Subtopic: Endosperm Ploidy

• Ploidy: Number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or nucleus.

• Endosperm: Tissue in seeds formed after fertilization, nourishing the embryo.

• Tetraploid: Organism or cell having four sets of chromosomes (4n).

• Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes forming zygote.

• Triploid: Cell or organism with three sets of chromosomes (3n).

• Pentaploid: Cell or organism with five sets of chromosomes (5n).

• Hexaploid: Cell or organism with six sets of chromosomes (6n).

• Double fertilization: Unique process in angiosperms where one sperm fertilizes egg and another sperm fertilizes central cell to form endosperm.

• Central cell: Cell in female gametophyte containing two polar nuclei, fuses with sperm to form endosperm.

• Embryo: Young sporophyte formed after fertilization of egg cell.

• Seed: Mature ovule containing embryo, endosperm, and seed coat.

Lead Question - 2022 (Abroad)

What will be the ploidy of endosperm of a seed produced after crossing tetraploid female plant with tetraploid male plant?

1. Pentaploid

2. Hexaploid

3. Diploid

4. Triploid

Explanation: In angiosperms, endosperm is formed by double fertilization: one sperm fuses with two polar nuclei. Female tetraploid provides 2n + 2n = 4n polar nuclei, male tetraploid sperm contributes 4n. Endosperm ploidy = 4n (polar nuclei) + 4n (sperm) = 8n. Therefore, none of the given options matches; conceptually, hexaploid is often assumed in tetraploid × tetraploid cases if central cell is 2n, but strictly, ploidy is 6n. Answer: Hexaploid. Answer: 2

Q1: In double fertilization, one sperm fertilizes the egg to form zygote and the other fertilizes:

1. Egg cell

2. Central cell

3. Synergid

4. Antipodal cell

Explanation: In angiosperms, double fertilization involves one sperm fusing with egg to form zygote, while the second sperm fuses with central cell containing two polar nuclei to form endosperm. Synergids and antipodals assist but do not fuse with sperm. Answer: Central cell. Answer: 2

Q2: Ploidy of embryo formed after fertilization of tetraploid female and male plants will be:

1. Diploid

2. Triploid

3. Tetraploid

4. Hexaploid

Explanation: Embryo forms by fusion of egg and sperm. Tetraploid female egg (4n) fertilized by tetraploid male sperm (4n) results in embryo ploidy 4n + 4n = 8n. However, in most texts, the female egg is considered 2n (reduced gamete), resulting in tetraploid embryo. Answer: Tetraploid. Answer: 3

Q3: Which type of tissue nourishes developing embryo in seeds?

1. Endosperm

2. Embryo sac

3. Seed coat

4. Perisperm

Explanation: Endosperm is triploid or higher ploidy tissue formed by fusion of sperm with polar nuclei, serving as nutrient reserve for embryo. Embryo sac houses gametes, seed coat protects, and perisperm is maternal tissue in some seeds. Answer: Endosperm. Answer: 1

Q4: Central cell of angiosperm embryo sac typically contains how many polar nuclei?

1. One

2. Two

3. Three

4. Four

Explanation: The central cell contains two haploid polar nuclei, which fuse with a sperm to form endosperm. This is crucial for determining endosperm ploidy. Answer: Two. Answer: 2

Q5: Crossing tetraploid female with diploid male, endosperm ploidy becomes:

1. Triploid

2. Pentaploid

3. Hexaploid

4. Octaploid

Explanation: Female tetraploid central cell contributes 4n polar nuclei, male diploid sperm contributes 2n. Endosperm ploidy = 4n + 2n = 6n (hexaploid). Answer: Hexaploid. Answer: 3

Q6: Fusion of sperm with egg in double fertilization forms:

1. Endosperm

2. Zygote

3. Polar nuclei

4. Seed coat

Explanation: Sperm fusing with egg produces zygote, which develops into the embryo. Sperm with polar nuclei forms endosperm. Polar nuclei and seed coat are not products of fertilization fusion. Answer: Zygote. Answer: 2

Q7: Assertion (A): Endosperm ploidy depends on female and male gamete ploidy.
Reason (R): Endosperm is formed by fusion of one sperm with two polar nuclei.

1. A is correct but R is not correct

2. A is not correct but R is correct

3. Both A and R are correct and R explains A

4. Both A and R are correct but R does not explain A

Explanation: Endosperm ploidy results from fusion of sperm (male) with two polar nuclei (female). Therefore, the assertion is correct and reason correctly explains why endosperm ploidy depends on both gametes. Answer: Both A and R are correct and R explains A. Answer: 3

Q8: Match gametes with their ploidy in tetraploid plant:

A. Egg    1. 2n
B. Sperm    2. 2n
C. Polar nuclei    3. 2n

1. A-1, B-2, C-3

2. A-2, B-1, C-3

3. A-1, B-3, C-2

4. A-2, B-2, C-2

Explanation: In tetraploid plants, gametes are reduced to 2n. Egg is 2n, sperm is 2n, and each polar nucleus is 2n (combined 4n for endosperm). Correct match is A-2, B-2, C-2. Answer: A-2, B-2, C-2. Answer: 4

Q9: Tissue that provides nutrients to embryo is ______.

1. Endosperm

2. Embryo

3. Seed coat

4. Perisperm

Explanation: Endosperm provides food reserves for developing embryo, formed by double fertilization. Seed coat protects, perisperm is maternal tissue, and embryo develops into new plant. Answer: Endosperm. Answer: 1

Q10: Which of the following statements about endosperm are correct?

1. Formed by fusion of sperm with polar nuclei

2. Nourishes embryo

3. Ploidy depends on parent ploidy

4. Forms seed coat

Explanation: Endosperm forms by fertilization of polar nuclei by sperm, nourishes embryo, and its ploidy depends on parental gamete ploidy. Seed coat is maternal tissue, not endosperm. Correct statements are 1, 2, 3. Answer: 1, 2, 3

Topic: Floral Whorls
Subtopic: Androecium and its Variations

Keyword Definitions:
- Androecium: The male reproductive whorl of a flower consisting of stamens.
- Stamen: The male reproductive organ comprising anther and filament.
- Staminode: A sterile stamen that does not produce pollen.
- Epipetalous: Stamens attached to petals, common in Solanaceae and Asteraceae.
- Monadelphous: Stamens united by filaments into one bundle, as in China rose.
- Polyadelphous: Stamens united by filaments into many bundles, as in citrus.
- Diadelphous: Stamens united into two bundles, as in pea family (Fabaceae).
- Didynamous: Two pairs of stamens, one long and one short, as in mustard.
- Tetradynamous: Four long and two short stamens, typical of Brassicaceae (mustard).
- Filament: The slender stalk of the stamen supporting the anther.

Lead Question - 2022 (Abroad):
Identify the correct statements related to the androecium in the flower.
(a) The sterile stamens are called staminodes
(b) When stamens are attached to petals they are called epipetalous
(c) Monadelphy is seen in China-rose
(d) Polyadelphy is seen in Pea
(e) Variation in the length of anther filaments is seen in Mustard
1. (a), (c), (d) and (e) only
2. (a), (b), (c) and (e) only
3. (a), (b) and (c) only
4. (b), (c) and (d) only
Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Staminodes are sterile stamens, epipetalous stamens attach to petals, monadelphous stamens are found in China rose, and mustard shows didynamous condition with unequal stamens. Polyadelphy occurs in citrus, not pea, which has diadelphous stamens.

1. Which of the following plants shows monadelphous stamens?
(a) Pea
(b) Citrus
(c) Hibiscus
(d) Mustard
Explanation: The correct answer is (c). In Hibiscus (China rose), stamens are united by filaments into a single bundle forming a staminal tube around the style. This is called monadelphous condition and is characteristic of the Malvaceae family.

2. Polyadelphous stamens are found in:
(a) Citrus
(b) Pea
(c) Mustard
(d) Solanum
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). In Citrus, stamens are united into many groups by filaments, forming the polyadelphous condition. This structure provides support and enhances pollen release efficiency during pollination.

3. Didynamous condition of stamens is a feature of:
(a) Mustard
(b) Ocimum
(c) Pea
(d) Citrus
Explanation: The correct answer is (b). In Ocimum (Lamiaceae family), four stamens are arranged in two pairs of unequal length, known as didynamous condition, which aids in effective pollination through specialized flower structure.

4. Tetradynamous condition is seen in which family?
(a) Solanaceae
(b) Malvaceae
(c) Fabaceae
(d) Brassicaceae
Explanation: The correct answer is (d). In Brassicaceae (mustard family), six stamens are present, four long and two short, forming the tetradynamous condition, helping in pollen transfer through balanced arrangement.

5. Diadelphous stamens are a characteristic feature of:
(a) Fabaceae
(b) Malvaceae
(c) Asteraceae
(d) Brassicaceae
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). In Fabaceae, stamens are united into two bundles by their filaments forming the diadelphous condition, typically seen in pea, which aids in effective pollination by insects.

6. Stamens attached to petals are called:
(a) Epipetalous
(b) Epiphyllous
(c) Epiphyte
(d) Monadelphous
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). When stamens are fused with petals, they are termed epipetalous, a common feature in Solanaceae and Asteraceae families, ensuring proximity between anthers and pollinators for effective pollination.

7. Assertion-Reason:
Assertion (A): Stamens in pea are diadelphous.
Reason (R): All filaments are united into a single bundle.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R explains A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R does not explain A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) Both A and R are false
Explanation: The correct answer is (c). Stamens in pea are diadelphous where 9 stamens are united and 1 remains free. The reason is false since all filaments are not united into one bundle but into two.

8. Matching Type:
Match the plant with its stamen condition:
(a) Hibiscus - (i) Monadelphous
(b) Citrus - (ii) Polyadelphous
(c) Pea - (iii) Diadelphous
(d) Mustard - (iv) Tetradynamous
Options:
1. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
2. (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
3. (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
4. (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Hibiscus is monadelphous, Citrus polyadelphous, Pea diadelphous, and Mustard tetradynamous. These stamen arrangements assist in diverse pollination mechanisms among angiosperms.

9. Fill in the Blank:
Stamens fused with the corolla are called ________.
(a) Epipetalous
(b) Epiphyllous
(c) Monadelphous
(d) Polyadelphous
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). Epipetalous stamens are fused with the corolla, ensuring better positioning of anthers for pollination, commonly seen in flowers of the Solanaceae family.

10. Choose the Correct Statements:
1. Epipetalous stamens attach to petals.
2. Monadelphous condition occurs in China rose.
3. Diadelphous stamens occur in Pea.
4. Polyadelphous stamens occur in Pea.
(a) 1, 2, and 3 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). Epipetalous stamens are attached to petals, China rose shows monadelphous stamens, and Pea shows diadelphous condition. Polyadelphous condition is seen in Citrus, not in Pea.

Topic: Flower Symmetry
Subtopic: Zygomorphic and Actinomorphic Flowers

Keyword Definitions:

• Zygomorphic: Flowers that can be divided into equal halves in only one plane, showing bilateral symmetry.

• Actinomorphic: Flowers that can be divided into equal halves along multiple planes, showing radial symmetry.

• Mustard: A plant with actinomorphic flowers, family Brassicaceae.

• Glumohar: Also called Delonix regia, tree with zygomorphic flowers.

• Cassia: A genus of leguminous plants with zygomorphic flowers.

• Datura: Genus with actinomorphic flowers, family Solanaceae.

• Chilly: Capsicum species, flowers are actinomorphic.

• Flower symmetry: The arrangement of floral parts and their ability to be divided into equal halves.

• Bilateral symmetry: Same as zygomorphic symmetry, only one plane of division.

• Radial symmetry: Same as actinomorphic symmetry, multiple planes of division.

Lead Question (2022)
The flowers are Zygomorphic in
(a) Mustard
(b) Glumohar
(c) Cassia
(d) Datura
(e) Chilly
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (b), (c) only
(2) (d), (e) only
(3) (c), (d), (e) only
(4) (a), (b), (c) only

Explanation:
Zygomorphic flowers have bilateral symmetry, meaning they can be divided into equal halves in only one plane. Glumohar (b) and Cassia (c) exhibit this symmetry, whereas Mustard, Datura, and Chilly have actinomorphic flowers with radial symmetry. Therefore, the correct answer is (1).

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which flower exhibits radial symmetry?
(1) Glumohar
(2) Cassia
(3) Mustard
(4) None of these

Explanation:
Radial symmetry is shown by flowers that can be divided into equal halves along multiple planes. Mustard flowers are actinomorphic, exhibiting radial symmetry, while Glumohar and Cassia are zygomorphic. Correct answer is (3).

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Bilateral symmetry in flowers is also called:
(1) Actinomorphic
(2) Zygomorphic
(3) Radial
(4) Asymmetrical

Explanation:
Bilateral symmetry means the flower can be divided into two equal halves along only one plane, called zygomorphic symmetry. Actinomorphic refers to radial symmetry. Correct answer is (2).

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which family is known for zygomorphic flowers?
(1) Fabaceae
(2) Brassicaceae
(3) Solanaceae
(4) Solanaceae and Brassicaceae

Explanation:
Fabaceae (legume family) often shows zygomorphic flowers, like Cassia. Brassicaceae (Mustard) and Solanaceae (Datura) generally have actinomorphic flowers. Therefore, Fabaceae is correct. Correct answer is (1).

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Glumohar flowers are:
(1) Actinomorphic
(2) Zygomorphic
(3) Asymmetrical
(4) None of these

Explanation:
Glumohar (Delonix regia) flowers are bilateral and show zygomorphic symmetry, meaning they can be divided in only one plane into equal halves. Correct answer is (2).

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following is actinomorphic?
(1) Cassia
(2) Glumohar
(3) Mustard
(4) None of these

Explanation:
Actinomorphic flowers have radial symmetry, which can be divided along multiple planes. Mustard shows actinomorphic flowers, whereas Cassia and Glumohar are zygomorphic. Correct answer is (3).

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which plant has bilateral flowers used in pollination studies?
(1) Glumohar
(2) Datura
(3) Chilly
(4) Mustard

Explanation:
Glumohar exhibits zygomorphic flowers and is often used to study bilateral flower-pollinator interactions. Datura, Chilly, and Mustard have radial flowers. Correct answer is (1).

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Cassia flowers are zygomorphic.
Reason (R): Zygomorphic flowers can be divided into equal halves in multiple planes.
Options:
(1) Both A and R correct, R explains A
(2) A correct, R incorrect
(3) A incorrect, R correct
(4) Both A and R incorrect

Explanation:
Cassia flowers are zygomorphic, but zygomorphic flowers are divided into equal halves in only one plane. Hence, A is correct, R is incorrect. Correct answer is (2).

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match flower with symmetry:
A. Mustard — 1. Zygomorphic
B. Glumohar — 2. Actinomorphic
C. Cassia — 3. Zygomorphic
D. Datura — 4. Actinomorphic
Options:
(1) A–2, B–1, C–3, D–4
(2) A–1, B–2, C–3, D–4
(3) A–2, B–3, C–1, D–4
(4) A–4, B–1, C–2, D–3

Explanation:
Mustard (actinomorphic–2), Glumohar (zygomorphic–1), Cassia (zygomorphic–3), Datura (actinomorphic–4). This matches option (1).

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
Zygomorphic flowers can be divided into equal halves in ________ plane.
(1) One
(2) Two
(3) Multiple
(4) None

Explanation:
Zygomorphic flowers exhibit bilateral symmetry, allowing division into two equal halves in only one plane. Correct answer is (1).

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:
(a) Datura flowers are zygomorphic
(b) Cassia flowers are zygomorphic
(c) Mustard flowers are actinomorphic
(d) Glumohar flowers are zygomorphic
Options:
(1) a, b, c
(2) b, c, d
(3) a, c, d
(4) b, d only

Explanation:
Cassia and Glumohar show zygomorphic flowers, Mustard is actinomorphic, Datura is actinomorphic. Correct combination is (2).

Topic: Pollination
Subtopic: Types and Agents of Pollination

Keyword Definitions:

• Pollination: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma to enable fertilization.

• Abiotic Pollination: Pollination not involving living organisms, typically by wind or water.

• Biotic Pollination: Pollination involving living agents like insects, birds, or animals.

• Moths: Nocturnal insects that pollinate flowers with pale colors and strong scent at night.

• Butterflies: Diurnal insects pollinating bright, fragrant flowers during day.

• Foul Odour: Unpleasant smell produced by some flowers to attract flies and beetles for pollination.

• Water Pollination: Rare method of abiotic pollination, usually in aquatic plants.

• Wind Pollination: Common abiotic pollination method, especially in grasses, cereals, and some trees.

• Beetles: Insects attracted to strong-smelling or fruity flowers, aiding pollination.

• Flower Agents: Organisms or environmental factors that facilitate transfer of pollen.

Lead Question (2022)
Identify the incorrect statement related to Pollination:
(1) Pollination by wind is more common amongst abiotic pollination
(2) Flowers produce foul odours to attract flies and beetles to get pollinated
(3) Moths and butterflies are the most dominant pollinating agents among insects
(4) Pollination by water is quite rare in flowering plants

Explanation:
Among insects, bees, not moths and butterflies, are the most dominant pollinators, making statement (3) incorrect. Wind pollination is common among abiotic agents, foul odours attract flies and beetles, and water pollination is rare. Correct answer is (3).

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which type of flower is usually pollinated by beetles?
(1) Odorless, small flowers
(2) Flowers with foul odor and strong color
(3) Wind-pollinated flowers
(4) Water-borne flowers

Explanation:
Beetles are attracted to flowers with foul odors, fruity scents, or strong colors. These features ensure effective pollination. Odorless, wind, or water-pollinated flowers are not suitable for beetle pollination. Correct answer is (2).

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
The most common abiotic pollination method is:
(1) Water
(2) Wind
(3) Insects
(4) Birds

Explanation:
Wind pollination is the predominant abiotic method, seen in grasses, cereals, and some trees. Water pollination is rare, and insects or birds are biotic pollinators. Correct answer is (2).

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which insect is most dominant in pollination?
(1) Butterfly
(2) Moth
(3) Bee
(4) Beetle

Explanation:
Bees are the most efficient and dominant insect pollinators due to their frequent flower visits, pollen-collecting behavior, and hairy body structure that carries pollen. Butterflies and moths also pollinate but are less dominant. Correct answer is (3).

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Water pollination occurs mostly in:
(1) Terrestrial trees
(2) Aquatic plants
(3) Desert plants
(4) Wind-pollinated grasses

Explanation:
Water pollination (hydrophily) is a rare form of abiotic pollination occurring in aquatic plants where pollen floats on water to reach the stigma. Terrestrial and desert plants rely on wind or insects. Correct answer is (2).

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which type of flower typically produces foul odors to attract pollinators?
(1) Rose
(2) Rafflesia
(3) Sunflower
(4) Hibiscus

Explanation:
Flowers like Rafflesia produce foul odors to attract flies and beetles for pollination. Roses and hibiscus rely on color and fragrance, sunflower is wind-pollinated. Correct answer is (2).

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which agent does not participate in abiotic pollination?
(1) Wind
(2) Water
(3) Birds
(4) None of these

Explanation:
Abiotic pollination relies on non-living agents like wind and water. Birds are living pollinators and thus participate in biotic pollination. Correct answer is (3).

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Water pollination is rare among flowering plants.
Reason (R): Only aquatic plants have adaptations for hydrophily.
Options:
(1) Both A and R are correct, R explains A
(2) A correct, R incorrect
(3) A incorrect, R correct
(4) Both A and R incorrect

Explanation:
Water pollination occurs rarely because only aquatic plants have pollen adapted for dispersal on water surfaces. This explains why hydrophily is uncommon. Correct answer is (1).

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match pollinator with the flower type:
A. Fly — 1. Foul smelling flowers
B. Butterfly — 2. Bright, fragrant flowers
C. Wind — 3. Odorless, small flowers
D. Beetle — 4. Strong scented, often large flowers
Options:
(1) A–1, B–2, C–3, D–4
(2) A–2, B–1, C–3, D–4
(3) A–3, B–2, C–1, D–4
(4) A–1, B–3, C–2, D–4

Explanation:
Flies are attracted to foul-smelling flowers, butterflies to bright, fragrant flowers, wind pollinates odorless, small flowers, and beetles prefer strong-scented or large flowers. Correct answer is (1).

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
Pollination that occurs without the involvement of living agents is called ________.
(1) Biotic pollination
(2) Abiotic pollination
(3) Insect pollination
(4) Bird pollination

Explanation:
Abiotic pollination occurs without living agents, typically via wind or water. Biotic pollination involves animals like insects or birds. Correct answer is (2).

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:
(a) Wind pollination is common in grasses
(b) Bees are dominant insect pollinators
(c) Water pollination is frequent in flowering plants
(d) Flowers producing foul odors are pollinated by flies
Options:
(1) a, b, d only
(2) a, b, c only
(3) b, c, d only
(4) a, c, d only

Explanation:
Wind pollination is common in grasses (a), bees dominate insect pollination (b), and flowers with foul odors attract flies (d). Water pollination is rare, not frequent. Correct answer is (1).

Topic: Floral Characters
Subtopic: Aestivation and Stamens

Keyword Definitions:

• Vexillary Aestivation: Arrangement of five petals in papilionaceous flowers where one large petal (standard) overlaps two lateral petals (wings) and the wings overlap the two lower petals (keel).

• Diadelphous Stamens: Stamens united by filaments into two bundles, common in Fabaceae family.

• Pisum sativum: Common pea plant, papilionaceous flower with vexillary aestivation and diadelphous stamens.

• Allium cepa: Onion plant with free stamens and imbricate aestivation.

• Solanum nigrum: Nightshade, flower has free stamens and valvate or twisted aestivation.

• Colchicum autumnale: Autumn crocus, flower has free stamens and imbricate aestivation.

• Aestivation: The arrangement of petals or sepals in a flower bud.

• Stamens: Male reproductive organ of flower, composed of filament and anther.

• Papilionaceous Flower: Butterfly-shaped flower typical of Fabaceae family.

• Keel: Two fused lower petals in papilionaceous flowers enclosing reproductive organs.

Lead Question (2022)
Which one of the following plants shows vexillary aestivation and diadelphous stamens?
(1) Pisum sativum
(2) Allium cepa
(3) Solanum nigrum
(4) Colchicum automnale

Explanation:
Pisum sativum exhibits papilionaceous flowers with vexillary aestivation where the large standard petal overlaps lateral wings and keel petals. Its ten stamens are diadelphous, nine fused and one free. Other plants listed do not show both features. Correct answer is (1).

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
In papilionaceous flowers, the keel petals enclose:
(1) Ovary only
(2) Stamens and pistil
(3) Nectar only
(4) Calyx

Explanation:
The two fused lower petals called keel enclose the reproductive organs: stamens and pistil. This protects them and facilitates pollination. Other options are incorrect. Correct answer is (2).

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Diadelphous stamens are characteristic of which family?
(1) Solanaceae
(2) Fabaceae
(3) Liliaceae
(4) Colchicaceae

Explanation:
Diadelphous stamens, where stamens are united into two groups by filaments, are typical of the Fabaceae family. Other families listed have free stamens. Correct answer is (2).

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
The largest petal in a papilionaceous flower is called:
(1) Wing
(2) Standard
(3) Keel
(4) Sepal

Explanation:
The standard is the largest and uppermost petal in papilionaceous flowers, which protects inner petals and attracts pollinators. Wings are lateral, keel petals are lower, and sepals form calyx. Correct answer is (2).

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Vexillary aestivation is an example of:
(1) Contorted
(2) Twisted
(3) Papilionaceous
(4) Imbricate

Explanation:
Vexillary aestivation is the arrangement of petals in papilionaceous flowers where the standard overlaps wings and keel petals. This type is characteristic of Fabaceae. Other options describe different petal arrangements. Correct answer is (3).

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Number of stamens typically diadelphous in Pisum sativum is:
(1) 5
(2) 10
(3) 8
(4) 6

Explanation:
Pisum sativum has ten stamens, nine fused by filaments and one free, forming diadelphous stamens. This arrangement facilitates pollination. Other options are incorrect. Correct answer is (2).

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
The lateral petals of papilionaceous flower are called:
(1) Standard
(2) Wings
(3) Keel
(4) Sepals

Explanation:
Wings are the lateral petals of papilionaceous flowers, situated on both sides of the keel and standard. They aid in protecting reproductive organs and pollinator guidance. Correct answer is (2).

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Pisum sativum has diadelphous stamens.
Reason (R): Diadelphous stamens consist of two groups of stamens, one free and remaining fused.
Options:
(1) Both A and R are correct, R explains A
(2) A correct, R incorrect
(3) A incorrect, R correct
(4) Both A and R incorrect

Explanation:
Diadelphous stamens in Pisum sativum consist of nine stamens fused and one free. This description accurately explains the assertion. Correct answer is (1).

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match plant with its floral character:
A. Pisum sativum — 1. Vexillary aestivation
B. Allium cepa — 2. Imbricate aestivation
C. Solanum nigrum — 3. Valvate aestivation
D. Colchicum autumnale — 4. Imbricate aestivation
Options:
(1) A–1, B–2, C–3, D–4
(2) A–2, B–1, C–4, D–3
(3) A–1, B–3, C–2, D–4
(4) A–3, B–2, C–1, D–4

Explanation:
Pisum sativum has vexillary aestivation. Allium cepa and Colchicum autumnale show imbricate aestivation. Solanum nigrum exhibits valvate aestivation. Correct answer is (1).

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
The flower type with one large standard petal, two wings and two fused lower petals is called ________.
(1) Papilionaceous
(2) Solanaceous
(3) Cruciferous
(4) Liliaceous

Explanation:
Papilionaceous flowers are characteristic of Fabaceae, with one standard, two wings, and a fused keel of two petals. Other options refer to different families with unrelated floral structures. Correct answer is (1).

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:
(a) Pisum sativum shows vexillary aestivation
(b) Diadelphous stamens are found in Fabaceae
(c) Allium cepa has diadelphous stamens
(d) Keel petals enclose reproductive organs
Options:
(1) a, b, d only
(2) a, c, d only
(3) b, c only
(4) a, b, c, d

Explanation:
Pisum sativum shows vexillary aestivation (a), diadelphous stamens are typical of Fabaceae (b), and keel petals enclose reproductive organs (d). Allium cepa does not have diadelphous stamens. Correct answer is (1).

Subtopic: Cleistogamy and Autogamy

Keyword Definitions:

• Cleistogamous flowers: Flowers that do not open and self-pollinate within the closed bud.

• Autogamous: Self-pollination occurring within the same flower, ensuring seed formation.

• Cross-pollination: Transfer of pollen between different flowers or plants, increasing genetic diversity.

• Advantage of cleistogamy: Ensures reproduction even in absence of pollinators.

• Disadvantage of cleistogamy: Lack of genetic variation due to absence of cross-pollination.

Lead Question (2022)
Given below are two statements:
Statement I: Cleistogamous flowers are invariably autogamous
Statement II: Cleistogamy is disadvantageous as there is no chance for cross-pollination
Options:
(1) Both statement I and statement II are incorrect
(2) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect
(3) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct
(4) Both statement I and statement II are correct

Explanation:
Cleistogamous flowers always self-pollinate and are therefore autogamous, making Statement I correct. However, cleistogamy is not entirely disadvantageous; it guarantees seed set even without pollinators, so Statement II is incorrect. Correct answer is (2). Cleistogamy ensures reproduction but limits genetic diversity, not a strict disadvantage.

1. Which type of flowers remain closed and self-pollinate?
(1) Chasmogamous
(2) Cleistogamous
(3) Bisexual
(4) Unisexual

Explanation:
Cleistogamous flowers never open and always self-pollinate within the bud, ensuring reproduction without external pollinators. Chasmogamous flowers open and may undergo cross-pollination. Correct answer is (2).

2. Cleistogamy is advantageous because:
(1) It ensures seed formation without pollinators
(2) It allows maximum genetic diversity
(3) It promotes cross-pollination
(4) Flowers bloom in all seasons

Explanation:
Cleistogamous flowers self-pollinate inside closed buds, ensuring seed formation even in absence of pollinators or adverse conditions. It does not promote genetic diversity or cross-pollination. Correct answer is (1).

3. Autogamy refers to:
(1) Self-pollination within a flower
(2) Pollination between two flowers
(3) Pollination by insects
(4) Seed dispersal mechanism

Explanation:
Autogamy is self-pollination occurring within the same flower, leading to seed formation without need for pollen transfer. Correct answer is (1).

4. Disadvantage of cleistogamy includes:
(1) No seed formation
(2) Limited genetic diversity
(3) Requires pollinators
(4) Flowers remain open

Explanation:
Since cleistogamous flowers always self-pollinate, cross-pollination does not occur, leading to limited genetic diversity. Seed formation is ensured, and pollinators are not required. Correct answer is (2).

5. Cleistogamous flowers are commonly found in:
(1) Viola and Oxalis
(2) Hibiscus and Rose
(3) Sunflower and Mustard
(4) Maize and Wheat

Explanation:
Plants like Viola and Oxalis produce cleistogamous flowers that self-pollinate inside closed buds. Hibiscus, rose, sunflower, and mustard mainly produce chasmogamous flowers. Correct answer is (1).

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which is true for cleistogamous flowers?
(1) Always cross-pollinated
(2) Always autogamous
(3) Only produce male gametes
(4) Require insect pollinators

Explanation:
Cleistogamous flowers never open and always self-pollinate, making them autogamous. They do not rely on pollinators or cross-pollination. Correct answer is (2).

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Cleistogamy ensures reproduction without pollinators
Reason (R): It increases genetic diversity
Options:
(1) Both A and R correct, R explains A
(2) A correct, R incorrect
(3) A incorrect, R correct
(4) Both A and R incorrect

Explanation:
Cleistogamy ensures seed formation without pollinators, but it does not enhance genetic diversity due to self-pollination. Hence, Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect. Correct answer is (2).

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match flowers with pollination type:
A. Cleistogamous — 1. Self-pollination
B. Chasmogamous — 2. Cross-pollination
Options:
(1) A–1, B–2
(2) A–2, B–1
(3) A–1, B–1
(4) A–2, B–2

Explanation:
Cleistogamous flowers undergo self-pollination (1), whereas chasmogamous flowers may cross-pollinate (2). Correct match is (1).

9. Fill in the Blanks:
Flowers that remain closed and self-pollinate are called _______.
(1) Cleistogamous
(2) Chasmogamous
(3) Bisexual
(4) Unisexual

Explanation:
Cleistogamous flowers never open and always self-pollinate, ensuring reproduction without pollinators. Correct answer is (1).

10. Choose the Correct Statements:
(a) Cleistogamous flowers are always autogamous
(b) They never open
(c) They rely on insects for pollination
(d) They limit genetic diversity
Options:
(1) a, b, d
(2) a and c only
(3) b and c only
(4) all of the above

Explanation:
Cleistogamous flowers self-pollinate (a), remain closed (b), and limit genetic diversity (d). They do not rely on insects. Correct answer is (1).

Topic: Floral Formulae and Families
Subtopic: Matching Floral Formula with Families

Keyword Definitions:

• Floral formula: A symbolic representation of flower structure showing calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.

• Brassicaceae: Family with cruciform corolla and tetradynamous stamens.

• Fabaceae: Family with papilionaceous corolla and diadelphous stamens.

• Solanaceae: Family with epipetalous stamens and bicarpellary ovary.

• Liliaceae: Monocot family with trimerous flowers and superior ovary.

Lead Question - 2021

Match Column - I with Column - II.

(a) ♂♀K(5)C1+2+(2)A(9)+1G1
(b) ♂♀K(5)C(5)A5G2
(c) ♂♀P(3+3)A3+3G(3)
(d) ♂♀K2+2C4A2+2G(2)

Column - II
(i) Brassicaceae
(ii) Liliaceae
(iii) Fabaceae
(iv) Solanaceae

(1) (a-i), (b-ii), (c-iii), (d-iv)
(2) (a-ii), (b-iii), (c-iv), (d-i)
(3) (a-iv), (b-iii), (c-i), (d-ii)
(4) (a-iii), (b-iv), (c-ii), (d-i)

Explanation: The correct answer is option (1). Formula (a) belongs to Fabaceae with diadelphous stamens. Formula (b) represents Solanaceae with pentamerous flowers. Formula (c) belongs to Liliaceae with trimerous flowers. Formula (d) represents Brassicaceae with tetradynamous stamens. Thus, (a-i), (b-ii), (c-iii), (d-iv) is the correct matching sequence.

Guessed Questions

1) In Brassicaceae, stamens are typically:
(1) Monadelphous
(2) Diadelphous
(3) Tetradynamous
(4) Polyandrous

Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Brassicaceae flowers show tetradynamous condition, where six stamens are present, four long and two short. This characteristic feature helps in identification of the family. Such floral adaptation ensures efficient pollination and is unique to the mustard family members.

2) In Fabaceae, the corolla is:
(1) Cruciform
(2) Papilionaceous
(3) Gamopetalous
(4) Rotate

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Fabaceae members have papilionaceous corolla, composed of a standard, two wings, and a keel. This structure is specialized for pollination in legumes like pea and bean. The papilionaceous arrangement ensures proper landing platform and protection of reproductive structures.

3) Which feature is typical of Solanaceae?
(1) Polycarpellary ovary
(2) Epipetalous stamens
(3) Diadelphous condition
(4) Unilocular ovary

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Solanaceae flowers have stamens attached to petals, called epipetalous stamens. This feature, along with bicarpellary syncarpous ovary and axile placentation, distinguishes the family. Examples include tomato, potato, and brinjal, which are widely cultivated food crops.

4) In Liliaceae, flowers are:
(1) Pentamerous
(2) Tetramerous
(3) Trimerous
(4) Dimerous

Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Liliaceae, being a monocot family, has trimerous flowers with floral parts in multiples of three. This is a key identifying feature of monocots. Members like onion and tulip display this arrangement. The ovary is superior and trilocular.

5) In Fabaceae, stamens are:
(1) Monadelphous
(2) Diadelphous
(3) Polyandrous
(4) Syngenesious

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Fabaceae flowers typically have diadelphous stamens, where ten stamens are present, nine fused and one free. This condition supports pollination by providing mechanical aid. It is an important diagnostic feature for identifying this family among dicot plants.

6) Which of the following shows a cruciform corolla?
(1) Mustard
(2) Pea
(3) Potato
(4) Onion

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Mustard, belonging to Brassicaceae, shows cruciform corolla where four free petals are arranged in the shape of a cross. This characteristic arrangement is distinctive for the family and aids in recognizing cruciferous vegetables such as radish, cabbage, and cauliflower.

7) Assertion (A): Solanaceae members have epipetalous stamens.
Reason (R): Stamens arise from the gynoecium.
(1) Both A and R are true, R explains A
(2) A true, R false
(3) A false, R true
(4) Both A and R false

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). In Solanaceae, stamens are epipetalous, meaning they are attached to petals, not arising from the gynoecium. Thus, assertion is correct but reason is false. This feature helps in pollination and is characteristic of the family.

8) Match the following:

(a) Brassicaceae → (i) Cruciform corolla
(b) Fabaceae → (ii) Papilionaceous corolla
(c) Solanaceae → (iii) Epipetalous stamens
(d) Liliaceae → (iv) Trimerous flowers

(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii
(3) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
(4) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Brassicaceae has cruciform corolla, Fabaceae has papilionaceous corolla, Solanaceae has epipetalous stamens, and Liliaceae shows trimerous flowers. These diagnostic characters are essential for classifying plants into families based on their floral morphology.

9) Fill in the blank: The floral formula of Fabaceae is represented as __________.
(1) K5C1+2+(2)A9+1G1
(2) K(5)C(5)A5G2
(3) P3+3A3+3G(3)
(4) K2+2C4A2+2G(2)

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Fabaceae has floral formula K5C1+2+(2)A9+1G1, where the papilionaceous corolla is represented as standard, wings, and keel, with diadelphous stamens and a monocarpellary ovary. This formula is diagnostic for the family, especially legumes like pea and bean.

10) Choose the correct statements:
(1) Brassicaceae has cruciform corolla.
(2) Fabaceae shows diadelphous stamens.
(3) Solanaceae flowers are pentamerous.
(4) Liliaceae has trimerous flowers.

(1) 1, 2, 3, and 4
(2) 1, 2, and 4 only
(3) 1 and 3 only
(4) 2 and 4 only

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). All statements are true: Brassicaceae has cruciform corolla, Fabaceae has diadelphous stamens, Solanaceae has pentamerous epipetalous flowers, and Liliaceae has trimerous flowers. These features serve as important diagnostic characteristics for classification of angiosperm families.

Topic: Sexual Reproduction
Subtopic: Gametic Fusion Processes

Keyword Definitions:

• Plasmogamy: Fusion of the cytoplasm of two gametes.

• Karyogamy: Fusion of nuclei of gametes after plasmogamy.

• Saprophytes: Organisms obtaining nutrition from dead and decaying matter.

• Heterocyst: Specialized cell in cyanobacteria for nitrogen fixation.

Lead Question - 2021

Which of the following statements is correct?

(1) Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes is called plasmogamy.
(2) Organisms that depend on living plants are called saprophytes.
(3) Some of the organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called sheath cells.
(4) Fusion of two cells is called Karyogamy.

Explanation: The correct answer is option (1) because plasmogamy refers to cytoplasmic fusion of two gametes. Karyogamy specifically denotes nuclear fusion. Saprophytes live on dead matter, not living plants. Nitrogen fixation occurs in heterocysts, not sheath cells. Thus, plasmogamy is the accurate definition here, highlighting the initial stage in sexual reproduction.

Guessed Questions

1) In fungi, after plasmogamy but before karyogamy, the stage is:
(1) Diploid
(2) Dikaryotic
(3) Haploid
(4) Polyploid

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). After plasmogamy, nuclei from different gametes remain unfused, resulting in a dikaryotic stage. This is unique to fungi and persists until karyogamy occurs. It allows genetic variation and adaptation. This prolonged dikaryotic phase helps fungi survive under diverse environmental conditions before nuclear fusion.

2) Karyogamy results in:
(1) Diploid zygote
(2) Haploid gamete
(3) Dikaryon
(4) Spore mother cell

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Karyogamy refers to the fusion of nuclei from two haploid gametes, forming a diploid zygote. This process is essential for sexual reproduction, leading to recombination and variation. The diploid stage formed undergoes meiosis later to restore haploid conditions in offspring.

3) Which organisms typically possess heterocysts?
(1) Blue-green algae
(2) Green algae
(3) Fungi
(4) Protozoa

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Heterocysts are thick-walled cells present in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) like Anabaena and Nostoc. They are specialized for nitrogen fixation, providing anaerobic conditions necessary for nitrogenase activity. These cells ensure survival and growth of cyanobacteria in nitrogen-deficient environments, playing a critical role in the nitrogen cycle.

4) In plants, saprophytes derive nutrition from:
(1) Living hosts
(2) Soil minerals only
(3) Dead and decaying matter
(4) Symbiotic association

Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Saprophytes feed on dead and decaying organic matter by secreting enzymes to decompose it. Examples include fungi like mushrooms. They recycle nutrients back to the ecosystem, making them vital decomposers. Unlike parasites, they do not harm living hosts while obtaining nutrition.

5) The dikaryotic phase is absent in:
(1) Basidiomycetes
(2) Ascomycetes
(3) Algae
(4) Higher fungi

Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Algae typically lack a prolonged dikaryotic phase. In fungi such as basidiomycetes and ascomycetes, the dikaryotic condition is common after plasmogamy, before karyogamy. This stage is absent in algae, which usually follow a simpler life cycle involving gamete fusion directly leading to zygote formation.

6) In sexual reproduction, plasmogamy is followed by:
(1) Syngamy
(2) Karyogamy
(3) Sporulation
(4) Fertilization

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Plasmogamy is the fusion of gamete cytoplasm, while karyogamy is nuclear fusion. These sequential events complete syngamy or fertilization. Sporulation occurs later in some organisms. Thus, karyogamy follows plasmogamy to produce diploid nuclei that later undergo meiosis for gamete formation.

7) Assertion (A): Plasmogamy occurs before karyogamy in fungi.
Reason (R): Cytoplasmic fusion precedes nuclear fusion.
(1) A and R are true, R explains A
(2) A true, R false
(3) A false, R true
(4) A and R false

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). In fungi, plasmogamy (cytoplasmic fusion) occurs first, followed by karyogamy (nuclear fusion). This sequential process allows a dikaryotic stage in many fungi. The reason correctly explains the assertion. It ensures genetic recombination while maintaining adaptability before nuclear fusion finally occurs.

8) Match the following:

(a) Plasmogamy → (i) Fusion of cytoplasm
(b) Karyogamy → (ii) Fusion of nuclei
(c) Saprophyte → (iii) Nutrition from dead matter
(d) Heterocyst → (iv) Nitrogen fixation

(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
(3) a-i, b-iii, c-iv, d-ii
(4) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Plasmogamy is cytoplasmic fusion, karyogamy is nuclear fusion, saprophytes feed on dead matter, and heterocysts specialize in nitrogen fixation. Each process or structure plays a vital role in biological cycles, reproduction, or ecosystem balance, reflecting the diversity of adaptations in living organisms.

9) Fill in the blanks: In fungi, __________ occurs first, followed by __________ during sexual reproduction.
(1) Karyogamy, plasmogamy
(2) Plasmogamy, karyogamy
(3) Syngamy, sporulation
(4) Sporulation, syngamy

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). In fungi, plasmogamy (cytoplasmic fusion) occurs first, creating a dikaryotic condition. Later, karyogamy (nuclear fusion) follows to complete fertilization. This unique sequence differentiates fungi from many organisms and allows them to maintain diversity and adaptability across varied ecological niches.

10) Choose the correct statements:
(1) Plasmogamy refers to cytoplasmic fusion.
(2) Karyogamy refers to nuclear fusion.
(3) Saprophytes depend on living hosts.
(4) Heterocysts are meant for nitrogen fixation.

(1) 1, 2, and 4
(2) 1 and 3 only
(3) 2 and 4 only
(4) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Plasmogamy involves cytoplasmic fusion, karyogamy involves nuclear fusion, and heterocysts are specialized for nitrogen fixation. Saprophytes feed on dead matter, not living hosts. Thus, statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct, while 3 is incorrect, highlighting differences among reproductive and nutritional strategies.

Topic: Pollination Biology
Subtopic: Pollen Viability

Keyword Definitions:

• Pollen viability: Ability of pollen grains to remain alive and functional for fertilization.

• Poaceae: Family of grasses, including wheat, rice, and maize.

• Leguminosae: Plant family including beans, peas, and lentils.

• Solanaceae: Family of plants including potato, tomato, and brinjal.

• Rosaceae: Plant family including rose, apple, and strawberry.

Lead Question - 2021
In some members of which of the following pairs of families, pollen grains retain their viability for months after release?
(1) Poaceae ; Leguminosae
(2) Poaceae ; Solanaceae
(3) Rosaceae ; Leguminosae
(4) Poaceae ; Rosaceae

Explanation: Pollen viability varies greatly among plant families. Members of Poaceae and Rosaceae retain viable pollen grains for months, enhancing fertilization chances under varied conditions. This adaptation supports successful reproduction. Thus, the correct answer is (4) Poaceae; Rosaceae.

1. Pollen grains in which plant family commonly lose viability within a few minutes of release?
(1) Rice (Poaceae)
(2) Leguminosae
(3) Rosaceae
(4) Solanaceae

Explanation: In cereals like rice and wheat (Poaceae), pollen viability is very short, sometimes lasting only a few minutes, due to thin exine. This ensures rapid pollination in windy environments. Thus, the correct answer is (1) Rice (Poaceae).

2. In which plant family do pollen grains often remain viable for several months, aiding cross-pollination?
(1) Leguminosae
(2) Solanaceae
(3) Rosaceae
(4) Poaceae

Explanation: Rosaceae pollen grains can survive for long durations, sometimes months, ensuring successful pollination across seasons. This is crucial in fruit-bearing plants like apple and pear. Thus, the correct answer is (3) Rosaceae.

3. Assertion (A): In Rosaceae, pollen viability lasts for months.
Reason (R): Thick exine and protective compounds in pollen coat enhance longevity.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true, R is false.
(4) A is false, R is true.

Explanation: Pollen longevity in Rosaceae is due to structural adaptations like thick exine and sporopollenin presence. These ensure resistance against dehydration. Both assertion and reason are true, and R correctly explains A. Thus, the correct answer is (1).

4. Match the following families with approximate pollen viability duration:
A. Poaceae
B. Rosaceae
C. Solanaceae
D. Leguminosae

(1) A - Minutes, B - Months, C - Hours, D - Days
(2) A - Hours, B - Days, C - Months, D - Minutes
(3) A - Months, B - Hours, C - Days, D - Minutes
(4) A - Days, B - Months, C - Hours, D - Minutes

Explanation: Poaceae pollen lasts minutes, Rosaceae months, Solanaceae hours, and Leguminosae days. This variation ensures reproductive success adapted to pollination mechanisms. Thus, the correct answer is (1).

5. Fill in the blank:
Pollen grains of ___________ remain viable for months due to their thick exine and protective structures.
(1) Rice
(2) Rose
(3) Tomato
(4) Gram

Explanation: Rose belongs to Rosaceae, where pollen grains remain viable for months. Structural features like sporopollenin in the exine prevent desiccation and degradation, ensuring longer reproductive capacity. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Rose.

6. Which one of the following plants has the shortest pollen viability?
(1) Wheat
(2) Apple
(3) Tomato
(4) Gram

Explanation: Wheat, a member of Poaceae, has pollen viability lasting only a few minutes. This adaptation facilitates rapid wind pollination. Apple (Rosaceae), tomato (Solanaceae), and gram (Leguminosae) show longer viability compared to wheat. Thus, the correct answer is (1) Wheat.

7. Which of the following statements about pollen viability is correct?
(1) Poaceae pollen lasts months.
(2) Rosaceae pollen lasts months.
(3) Solanaceae pollen lasts days.
(4) Leguminosae pollen lasts minutes.

Explanation: Rosaceae pollen grains remain viable for months, while Poaceae lasts minutes, Solanaceae hours, and Leguminosae days. This diversity reflects reproductive adaptations in different ecological settings. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Rosaceae pollen lasts months.

8. Which adaptation ensures high pollen viability in Rosaceae family members?
(1) Thin exine
(2) Sporopollenin in exine
(3) Absence of coat
(4) Rapid hydration

Explanation: Sporopollenin in the exine of pollen grains is the toughest organic compound, preventing degradation and ensuring long-term viability. This feature allows Rosaceae pollen to survive months after release. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Sporopollenin in exine.

9. Choose the correct statements about pollen viability:
(1) Poaceae pollen lasts a few minutes.
(2) Rosaceae pollen lasts months.
(3) Solanaceae pollen lasts hours.
(4) Leguminosae pollen lasts days.
(1) 1, 2 and 3 only
(2) 2, 3 and 4 only
(3) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(4) 1 and 4 only

Explanation: Pollen viability differs among families: Poaceae – minutes, Rosaceae – months, Solanaceae – hours, Leguminosae – days. All given statements are correct. Thus, the correct answer is (3) 1, 2, 3 and 4.

10. In which of the following does pollen viability remain longest?
(1) Wheat
(2) Tomato
(3) Gram
(4) Apple

Explanation: Apple, belonging to Rosaceae, has pollen grains viable for months, ensuring cross-pollination and fruit set. Wheat, tomato, and gram show shorter viability. Thus, the correct answer is (4) Apple.

Topic: Pollination
Subtopic: Types of Pollination

Keyword Definitions:

• Pollination: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.

• Geitonogamy: Pollination between different flowers of the same plant.

• Chasmogamy: Pollination in open flowers before fertilization.

• Cleistogamy: Pollination in closed flowers without opening.

• Xenogamy: Pollination between flowers of genetically different plants.

Lead Question - 2021

The term used for transfer of pollen grains from anthers of one plant to stigma of a different plant which, during pollination, brings genetically different types of pollen grains to stigma, is :

(1) Geitonogamy
(2) Chasmogamy
(3) Cleistogamy
(4) Xenogamy

Explanation: The correct answer is (4) Xenogamy. Xenogamy involves pollen transfer between flowers of different plants, ensuring genetic variation. Geitonogamy occurs within the same plant, cleistogamy in closed flowers, and chasmogamy in open flowers. Xenogamy is the only true cross-pollination type introducing genetic diversity. Thus, option (4) is correct.

Guessed Questions:

1. Self-pollination within the same flower is called:
(1) Autogamy
(2) Xenogamy
(3) Geitonogamy
(4) Cleistogamy
Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Autogamy. It occurs when pollen from the same flower fertilizes its ovules. This ensures seed formation without external agents but limits genetic diversity. Cleistogamy is a form of autogamy in closed flowers. Geitonogamy occurs between flowers of the same plant. Xenogamy is true cross-pollination.

2. Which pollination type ensures maximum genetic variation?
(1) Autogamy
(2) Geitonogamy
(3) Xenogamy
(4) Cleistogamy
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Xenogamy. It ensures genetic variation because pollen comes from a different plant of the same species. Autogamy and geitonogamy involve self-pollination, producing limited diversity. Cleistogamy ensures reproduction but no genetic variation. Thus, xenogamy is essential for evolution and adaptability of plants.

3. Which agent is most commonly associated with xenogamy in flowering plants?
(1) Water
(2) Wind
(3) Insects
(4) Gravity
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Insects. Insects are the most common agents of cross-pollination (xenogamy) as they carry pollen between flowers of different plants. Wind and water also help in some species, but insect pollination dominates among angiosperms due to co-evolution. Gravity is rarely an agent of pollination.

4. Pollination occurring in unopened flowers is termed:
(1) Cleistogamy
(2) Chasmogamy
(3) Geitonogamy
(4) Xenogamy
Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Cleistogamy. Cleistogamous flowers remain closed and undergo self-pollination, ensuring reproductive assurance even in absence of pollinators. Chasmogamy occurs in open flowers, geitonogamy between flowers of the same plant, and xenogamy between different plants. Cleistogamy guarantees seed formation but reduces genetic diversity.

5. In geitonogamy, pollen grains come from:
(1) Same flower
(2) Different flowers of the same plant
(3) Different plants of the same species
(4) Different species
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Different flowers of the same plant. Geitonogamy requires pollinators but results genetically similar to self-pollination. It differs from autogamy (same flower) and xenogamy (different plants). Though it involves agents, genetic variation is absent, since both flowers belong to the same individual plant.

6. Which type of pollination is evolutionarily most advantageous?
(1) Autogamy
(2) Geitonogamy
(3) Cleistogamy
(4) Xenogamy
Explanation: The correct answer is (4) Xenogamy. It introduces genetic recombination, increasing adaptability and survival. Autogamy, cleistogamy, and geitonogamy ensure reproduction but lack genetic variability. Evolution depends on variation, making xenogamy the most beneficial type for natural selection and long-term plant survival in changing environments.

7. Assertion (A): Cleistogamous flowers are always autogamous.
Reason (R): Cleistogamous flowers remain closed and facilitate only cross-pollination.
(1) Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation of A
(2) Both A and R are true, R is not correct explanation of A
(3) A is true, R is false
(4) A is false, R is true
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) A is true, R is false. Cleistogamous flowers are indeed autogamous because they self-pollinate in closed buds. However, they do not facilitate cross-pollination. Therefore, the reason is false, while the assertion is true.

8. Match the following pollination types with their descriptions:
A. Autogamy    1. Same flower
B. Geitonogamy    2. Different flowers of same plant
C. Xenogamy    3. Different plants
(1) A-1, B-2, C-3
(2) A-2, B-1, C-3
(3) A-1, B-3, C-2
(4) A-3, B-2, C-1
Explanation: The correct answer is (1) A-1, B-2, C-3. Autogamy refers to pollination within the same flower, geitonogamy between flowers of the same plant, and xenogamy between flowers of different plants. This classification distinguishes the modes of pollination based on the origin of pollen grains.

9. Fill in the blank: Pollination by water is termed ________.
(1) Anemophily
(2) Hydrophily
(3) Zoophily
(4) Entomophily
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Hydrophily. When water acts as the pollinating agent, it is called hydrophily. Anemophily refers to wind pollination, zoophily to animal-mediated pollination, and entomophily specifically to insect-mediated pollination. Hydrophily is less common but occurs in aquatic plants such as Vallisneria and Hydrilla.

10. Choose the correct statements:
(a) Xenogamy increases genetic diversity.
(b) Geitonogamy involves genetically different plants.
(c) Cleistogamy ensures pollination without agents.
(d) Autogamy occurs in the same flower.
Options:
(1) a, b, c
(2) a, c, d
(3) b, c, d
(4) a, b, d
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) a, c, d. Xenogamy increases genetic diversity, cleistogamy ensures pollination without agents, and autogamy occurs within the same flower. Geitonogamy, however, involves the same plant, not different ones. Thus, statements a, c, and d are correct together.

Topic: Embryo Sac Structure
Subtopic: Mature Angiosperm Embryo Sac

Keyword Definitions:

• Embryo sac: Female gametophyte of angiosperms, developing within the ovule and participating in fertilization.

• Angiosperm: Flowering plants producing seeds enclosed in fruits.

• 7-nucleate: Containing seven nuclei.

• 8-celled: Comprising eight distinct cells, including egg, synergids, antipodals, and central cell.

• Synergids: Two cells flanking the egg cell, aiding in fertilization.

• Antipodals: Three cells at the chalazal end of the embryo sac, usually nutritive.

• Central cell: Contains two polar nuclei that fuse with a sperm nucleus to form endosperm.

• Mature embryo sac: Ready for fertilization, fully differentiated with distinct cell types.

Lead Question - 2021

A typical angiosperm embryo sac at maturity is:
(1) 7-nucleate and 8-celled
(2) 7-nucleate and 7-celled
(3) 8-nucleate and 8-celled
(4) 8-nucleate and 7-celled

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) 7-nucleate and 8-celled. The mature embryo sac has seven nuclei distributed in eight cells: one egg cell, two synergids, three antipodals, and one central cell with two polar nuclei. This structure is characteristic of the Polygonum type of angiosperm embryo sac, ensuring fertilization and endosperm formation.

Guessed Questions:

1) Single Correct Answer: The central cell in an embryo sac contains:
(1) One nucleus
(2) Two polar nuclei
(3) Three nuclei
(4) None

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Two polar nuclei. The central cell fuses with one sperm during double fertilization to form triploid endosperm. Other options are incorrect as they do not represent the true nuclear composition of the central cell.

2) Single Correct Answer: Number of synergids in a mature embryo sac is:
(1) One
(2) Two
(3) Three
(4) Four

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Two. Synergids are positioned at the micropylar end, assisting in guiding the pollen tube. They are distinct from egg and antipodal cells, ensuring proper fertilization.

3) Single Correct Answer: Number of antipodal cells in a mature angiosperm embryo sac:
(1) One
(2) Two
(3) Three
(4) Four

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Three. Antipodals are located at the chalazal end and are usually nutritive. Their number is three in the Polygonum type embryo sac, contributing to the overall eight-cell structure.

4) Assertion (A): Mature embryo sac is 7-nucleate and 8-celled.
Reason (R): Polar nuclei remain unfused until fertilization.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: Correct answer is (1). The mature embryo sac is 7-nucleate and 8-celled. The two polar nuclei in the central cell remain unfused until a sperm nucleus enters for double fertilization, explaining the nucleate and cellular arrangement.

5) Single Correct Answer: The egg apparatus in an embryo sac consists of:
(1) Egg cell only
(2) Egg cell and two synergids
(3) Egg cell and three antipodals
(4) Two polar nuclei

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Egg cell and two synergids. This arrangement forms the micropylar end of the embryo sac, essential for receiving the pollen tube and facilitating fertilization.

6) Single Correct Answer: The type of embryo sac in most angiosperms is:
(1) Allium type
(2) Polygonum type
(3) Oenothera type
(4) Fritillaria type

Explanation: Correct answer is (2) Polygonum type. It is the most common type of embryo sac, consisting of seven nuclei and eight cells, ensuring proper fertilization and endosperm development.

7) Matching Type: Match cell types with functions in the embryo sac:
List-I  List-II
(a) Egg cell    (i) Fertilization
(b) Synergids    (ii) Guide pollen tube
(c) Antipodals    (iii) Nutritive
(d) Central cell    (iv) Forms endosperm

Explanation: Correct answer: (a) i, (b) ii, (c) iii, (d) iv. Egg cell fuses with sperm to form zygote. Synergids guide pollen tube. Antipodals provide nutrition. Central cell with two polar nuclei forms triploid endosperm after fertilization.

8) Single Correct Answer: Number of cells at micropylar end of mature embryo sac:
(1) Three
(2) Four
(3) Five
(4) Two

Explanation: Correct answer is (1) Three. The micropylar end consists of one egg cell and two synergids, forming the egg apparatus that interacts with the pollen tube for fertilization.

9) Fill in the blank: The central cell contains ______ polar nuclei before fertilization.
(1) One
(2) Two
(3) Three
(4) None

Explanation: Correct answer is (2) Two. The two polar nuclei remain separate until fertilization by a sperm nucleus, which forms the triploid endosperm in angiosperms.

10) Choose the correct statements:
(a) Mature embryo sac has seven nuclei.
(b) It has eight cells.
(c) Egg apparatus includes synergids.
(d) Central cell contains two polar nuclei.
Options:
(1) a, b, c, d
(2) a, b, c
(3) b, c, d
(4) a, c, d

Explanation: Correct answer is (1). The mature embryo sac has seven nuclei and eight cells. Egg apparatus includes synergids, and the central cell has two polar nuclei, confirming all four statements are accurate for angiosperm reproduction.

Topic: Types of Plants Based on Sex
Subtopic: Monoecious and Dioecious Plants

Keyword Definitions:

• Monoecious: Plants in which both male and female reproductive organs are present on the same individual.

• Dioecious: Plants in which male and female reproductive organs occur on separate individuals.

• Chara: A green alga, usually dioecious, with separate male and female gametangia.

• Marchantia polymorpha: A liverwort, typically dioecious, with distinct male and female plants.

• Cycas circinalis: A gymnosperm that is dioecious, producing male and female cones on separate plants.

• Carica papaya: A flowering plant that may be monoecious, having both male and female flowers on the same plant.

• Male Flower: Produces pollen and stamens.

• Female Flower: Produces ovules and carpels.

Lead Question - 2021

Which of the following plants is monoecious?
(1) Chara
(2) Marchantia polymorpha
(3) Cycas circinalis
(4) Carica papaya

Explanation: The correct answer is (4) Carica papaya. Monoecious plants bear both male and female flowers on the same individual, allowing self-pollination or cross-pollination. Chara, Marchantia, and Cycas are dioecious, producing male and female reproductive structures on separate individuals, preventing self-fertilization.

Guessed Questions:

1) Single Correct Answer: Which plant is dioecious?
(1) Carica papaya
(2) Cycas circinalis
(3) Maize
(4) Cucurbita

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Cycas circinalis. This gymnosperm has male and female cones on separate plants. Dioecious plants produce male and female reproductive structures on different individuals, ensuring cross-pollination and genetic diversity.

2) Single Correct Answer: Monoecious plants include:
(1) Maize
(2) Carica papaya
(3) Cycas
(4) Marchantia

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Carica papaya. In monoecious plants like papaya, both male and female flowers grow on the same plant, facilitating reproduction, unlike dioecious plants where male and female structures are on separate individuals.

3) Single Correct Answer: In monoecious plants, male and female flowers are:
(1) On separate plants
(2) On the same plant
(3) Absent
(4) Alternating yearly

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) On the same plant. Monoecious plants bear both male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers on the same individual, allowing potential self-pollination or cross-pollination, depending on flower arrangement and pollinator activity.

4) Assertion (A): Carica papaya can self-pollinate.
Reason (R): It is monoecious, bearing both male and female flowers.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Carica papaya is monoecious, bearing both male and female flowers on the same plant. This allows self-pollination if pollen reaches the female flower, but cross-pollination may still occur via insects, enhancing genetic diversity.

5) Matching Type: Match plants with sexual condition.
List-I    List-II
(a) Chara    (i) Monoecious
(b) Carica papaya    (ii) Dioecious
(c) Cycas    (iii) Dioecious
(d) Marchantia    (iv) Dioecious

Explanation: Correct answer: (a) ii, (b) i, (c) iii, (d) iv. Chara, Cycas, and Marchantia are dioecious with male and female organs on separate individuals, while Carica papaya is monoecious with both flower types on the same plant, illustrating plant sexual diversity.

6) Single Correct Answer: Male and female flowers on separate plants occur in:
(1) Carica papaya
(2) Chara
(3) Maize
(4) Wheat

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Chara. Chara is dioecious, producing male and female gametangia on separate individuals. This separation prevents self-fertilization and encourages cross-fertilization for genetic variation.

7) Single Correct Answer: In monoecious plants, pollination may occur via:
(1) Only wind
(2) Only insects
(3) Wind or insects
(4) Neither

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Wind or insects. Monoecious plants like Carica papaya can utilize wind or insect vectors for pollen transfer between male and female flowers on the same plant or between different plants.

8) Single Correct Answer: Dioecious plants prevent self-fertilization because:
(1) Flowers are unisexual on same plant
(2) Male and female flowers on separate plants
(3) Flowers are bisexual
(4) Pollen is non-viable

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Dioecious plants like Cycas circinalis have male and female flowers on separate plants, making self-fertilization impossible and promoting cross-pollination for increased genetic diversity.

9) Fill in the blank: Plants with both male and female flowers on one individual are _______.
(1) Dioecious
(2) Monoecious
(3) Bisexual
(4) Polygamous

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Monoecious. Monoecious plants have male and female flowers on the same individual, allowing reproduction without a separate plant, unlike dioecious plants where male and female flowers are on different plants.

10) Choose the correct statements:
(a) Carica papaya is monoecious.
(b) Cycas is dioecious.
(c) Chara is monoecious.
(d) Marchantia is dioecious.
Options:<

Topic: Flower Structure
Subtopic: Stamen Types

Keyword Definitions:

• Diadelphous Stamens: Stamens united by filaments into two groups, typically one long and one short bundle.

• Citrus: A genus of flowering plants with characteristic diadelphous stamens in some species.

• Pea: Leguminous plant (Pisum sativum) with diadelphous stamens arranged in 9+1 formation.

• China Rose: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; a flower with monadelphous stamens where all filaments are fused into a tube.

• Stamen: Male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of anther and filament.

• Filament: The stalk supporting the anther in stamens.

• Anther: Part of stamen producing pollen grains.

• Monadelphous: Stamens fused into a single bundle by their filaments.

Lead Question - 2021

Diadelphous stamens are found in:
(1) Citrus
(2) Pea
(3) China rose and citrus
(4) China rose

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Pea. In pea flowers, the stamens are diadelphous, with nine filaments united to form a tube and one free filament. This arrangement facilitates pollination and distinguishes peas from flowers with monadelphous stamens like China rose or other species.

Guessed Questions:

1) In which type of stamen all filaments are fused into a single bundle?
(1) Diadelphous
(2) Monadelphous
(3) Polyadelphous
(4) Free stamens

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Monadelphous. In monadelphous stamens, all filaments are fused into a single tube, as seen in China rose, supporting efficient pollen transfer while maintaining structural integrity of the staminal column.

2) Assertion (A): Diadelphous stamens are characteristic of leguminous plants.
Reason (R): They have stamens in two groups with one free filament and others fused.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Pea and other legumes exhibit diadelphous stamens. Nine filaments fuse into a tube, and one remains free, facilitating pollen release and transfer. This arrangement is distinctive for the Fabaceae family and aids identification of leguminous flowers.

3) Which flower has stamens completely free and not fused?
(1) Pea
(2) China rose
(3) Lily
(4) Citrus

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Lily. Lily flowers have free stamens, with each filament supporting its own anther independently. This contrasts with diadelphous or monadelphous arrangements where filaments are partially or fully fused.

4) Fill in the blank: In pea, the diadelphous stamens have ______ filaments fused into a tube and one free.
(1) 8
(2) 9
(3) 10
(4) 11

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) 9. In pea flowers, nine staminal filaments fuse into a tube surrounding the pistil, and one remains free. This 9+1 arrangement is characteristic of diadelphous stamens in leguminous plants.

5) Which of the following flowers exhibits polyadelphous stamens?
(1) China rose
(2) China berry (Melia azedarach)
(3) Pea
(4) Lily

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) China berry. Polyadelphous stamens are fused into more than two bundles, as seen in Melia azedarach. This differs from diadelphous (two bundles) or monadelphous (single bundle) arrangements and helps in floral classification.

6) Which part of the stamen produces pollen?
(1) Filament
(2) Anther
(3) Ovary
(4) Petal

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Anther. The anther is the terminal part of the stamen where microsporangia develop and release pollen grains. Filaments provide support, but pollen formation occurs exclusively in anthers.

7) Choose the correct statements:
a. Diadelphous stamens are typical in legumes.
b. China rose has monadelphous stamens.
c. Pea stamens have all filaments free.
d. Polyadelphous stamens form more than two bundles.
(1) a, b, d
(2) a, c
(3) b, c
(4) a, b, c, d

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) a, b, d. Diadelphous stamens occur in legumes like pea, China rose has monadelphous stamens, and polyadelphous stamens form more than two bundles. Statement c is incorrect because pea has one free filament and nine fused, not all free.

8) Assertion (A): Monadelphous stamens form a tube around the pistil.
Reason (R): All filaments are united into a single bundle.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). In China rose, monadelphous stamens form a tube around the pistil as all filaments are fused. This arrangement enhances pollen presentation to pollinators while maintaining structural support around the female organ.

9) Matching Type: Match the stamen type with example flower.
List-I    List-II
(a) Diadelphous  (i) China rose
(b) Monadelphous  (ii) Pea
(c) Polyadelphous  (iii) China berry
(d) Free stamens  (iv) Lily
Select correct answer:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) ii, i, iii, iv
(2) i, ii, iii, iv
(3) ii, iii, i, iv
(4) iv, i, ii, iii

Explanation

Subtopic: Pollination Mechanisms

Keyword Definitions:

• Wind-pollination (Anemophily): Transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma by wind.

• Stamens: Male reproductive organ of a flower producing pollen grains.

• Stigma: Part of pistil that receives pollen.

• Ovules: Structures inside ovary that develop into seeds after fertilization.

• Pollen grains: Male gametophytes that carry sperm cells to ovules.

• Non-sticky pollen: Pollen that does not adhere easily, suitable for wind transport.

Lead Question - 2020 (COVID Reexam)

Which of the following is incorrect for wind-pollinated plants?

1. Well exposed stamens and stigma
2. Many ovules in each ovary
3. Flowers are small and not brightly colored
4. Pollen grains are light and non-sticky

Explanation: Wind-pollinated plants have exposed stamens and stigma, small inconspicuous flowers, and light, non-sticky pollen grains. Typically, each ovary contains few ovules to increase efficiency of fertilization. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect. Answer: Option 2.

1. Single correct answer MCQ:

Which feature is advantageous for wind pollination?
1. Brightly colored petals
2. Sticky pollen
3. Exposed stamens
4. Fewer flowers

Explanation: Exposed stamens allow pollen to be easily carried by wind to the stigma of other flowers. Bright petals and sticky pollen are adaptations for insect pollination. Efficient wind pollination requires numerous flowers with non-sticky pollen. Answer: Option 3.

2. Single correct answer MCQ:

Wind-pollinated flowers generally have:
1. Large nectar rewards
2. Small inconspicuous petals
3. Strong scent
4. Sticky pollen

Explanation: Wind-pollinated flowers are small and inconspicuous, lacking bright colors, scent, or nectar. Pollen is lightweight and non-sticky for efficient dispersal. Large petals and scent attract insects, which is unnecessary for anemophilous plants. Answer: Option 2.

3. Single correct answer MCQ:

Pollen of wind-pollinated plants is:
1. Heavy and sticky
2. Light and non-sticky
3. Released at night only
4. Encased in nectar

Explanation: Wind-pollinated plants produce light, non-sticky pollen to facilitate airborne transport. Heavy or sticky pollen would settle quickly and reduce pollination efficiency. No nectar is present as insects are not involved. Answer: Option 2.

4. Single correct answer MCQ:

Stigmas of wind-pollinated plants are usually:
1. Small and smooth
2. Large and feathery
3. Sticky and bright
4. Hidden inside petals

Explanation: Stigmas are large and feathery in wind-pollinated plants to increase surface area for catching airborne pollen grains. Small or hidden stigmas reduce pollination efficiency. Sticky stigmas are common in insect-pollinated flowers. Answer: Option 2.

5. Single correct answer MCQ:

Wind pollination is most effective in plants with:
1. Few flowers
2. Dense foliage
3. Tall and exposed flowers
4. Nectar-rich flowers

Explanation: Tall and exposed flowers facilitate dispersal of pollen by wind. Dense foliage can block wind, and few flowers reduce pollen availability. Nectar-rich flowers attract insects, not wind. This adaptation maximizes cross-pollination. Answer: Option 3.

6. Single correct answer MCQ:

Number of ovules in wind-pollinated flowers is usually:
1. Many to ensure seed formation
2. Few for efficiency
3. None
4. Random

Explanation: Wind-pollinated flowers typically have few ovules per ovary to conserve resources and increase fertilization efficiency, as pollen transfer is less targeted than in insect-pollinated flowers. Answer: Option 2.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:

Assertion (A): Pollen grains are non-sticky in wind-pollinated plants.
Reason (R): Non-sticky pollen can be easily carried by wind.
1. Both A and R true, R is correct explanation
2. Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
3. A true, R false
4. A false, R true

Explanation: Non-sticky, lightweight pollen facilitates dispersal by wind, increasing pollination chances. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason explains assertion accurately. Answer: Option 1.

8. Matching Type MCQ:

Column I    Column II
(a) Stigma    (i) Feathery
(b) Petals    (ii) Small and inconspicuous
(c) Pollen grains    (iii) Light and non-sticky
(d) Flowers    (iv) Tall and exposed

1. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
2. (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
3. (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
4. (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)

Explanation: Stigmas are feathery to catch pollen, petals are small and inconspicuous, pollen grains light and non-sticky, flowers tall and exposed for efficient wind pollination. Correct matching: (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv). Answer: Option 1.

9. Fill in the blanks:

Wind-pollinated flowers have ______ petals and ______ pollen.
1. Bright, sticky
2. Small, non-sticky
3. Large, heavy
4. Colorful, adhesive

Explanation: Small inconspicuous petals reduce resource expenditure, while non-sticky pollen is light for wind dispersal. This adaptation ensures pollination without insect vectors. Answer: Option 2.

10. Choose correct statements:

(a) Wind-pollinated flowers are bright and fragrant.
(b) Pollen is light and non-sticky.
(c) Stigmas are feathery.
(d) Many ovules are present for efficiency.

1. b and c only
2. a and d only
3. a, b, c
4. All correct

Explanation: Wind-pollinated flowers are inconspicuous, with light non-sticky pollen and feathery stigmas. Many ovules are not typical; usually few are present to increase fertilization efficiency. Therefore, correct statements are b and c only. Answer: Option 1.

Topic: Asexual Reproduction
Subtopic: Vegetative Propagation

Keyword Definitions:

• Vegetative Propagation: Type of asexual reproduction using vegetative parts like stem, root, or leaf to form new plants.

• Agave: Xerophytic plant that reproduces vegetatively through bulbils.

• Bulbil: Small, bulb-like structure that develops on the parent plant and gives rise to new plants.

• Rhizome: Underground stem that propagates plants like ginger and turmeric.

• Offset: Short lateral shoot that helps water hyacinth multiply rapidly.

• Eye: Vegetative bud found on potato tubers for propagation.

Lead Question - 2020 (COVID Reexam)

Vegetative propagule in Agave is as:

1. Rhizome
2. Bulbil
3. Offset
4. Eye

Explanation: In Agave, vegetative propagation occurs through bulbils. These are small bulb-like structures that detach and grow into new plants. Rhizome is used by ginger, offset by water hyacinth, and eye in potato. Thus, the propagule in Agave is bulbil. Answer: Option 2.

1. Which plant propagates through rhizome?

1. Potato
2. Ginger
3. Agave
4. Bryophyllum

Explanation: Ginger propagates vegetatively through rhizomes. Rhizomes are underground stems with nodes and buds that grow into new plants. Potato uses eyes, Agave uses bulbils, and Bryophyllum uses leaf buds. Answer: Option 2.

2. In water hyacinth, the mode of vegetative propagation is:

1. Runner
2. Offset
3. Sucker
4. Tuber

Explanation: Water hyacinth propagates through offsets, which are short lateral branches with nodes that develop roots and new plants. This makes it invasive and called the “terror of Bengal.” Answer: Option 2.

3. Vegetative reproduction in potato occurs through:

1. Rhizome
2. Bulbil
3. Eye
4. Offset

Explanation: Potato tubers propagate vegetatively through eyes, which are axillary buds present on tuber surface. These buds sprout to form new plants. Rhizomes and bulbils belong to other plants. Answer: Option 3.

4. Assertion (A): Bryophyllum reproduces vegetatively through leaf buds.
Reason (R): Adventitious buds on leaf margins of Bryophyllum develop into new plants.

1. Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation
2. Both A and R are true, R not correct explanation
3. A true, R false
4. A false, R true

Explanation: Bryophyllum reproduces by leaf buds formed along leaf margins. These buds detach, fall on soil, and develop into new plants. Thus both assertion and reason are true, with reason explaining assertion correctly. Answer: Option 1.

5. Match the following:
Column I    Column II
(a) Agave    (i) Eye
(b) Potato    (ii) Offset
(c) Ginger    (iii) Bulbil
(d) Water hyacinth    (iv) Rhizome

1. (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
2. (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
3. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
4. (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)

Explanation: Agave uses bulbil, potato uses eye, ginger uses rhizome, and water hyacinth uses offset for vegetative propagation. Correct matching is option 1.

6. Fill in the blank:
________ is known as the “Terror of Bengal” because of rapid propagation.

1. Agave
2. Water hyacinth
3. Bryophyllum
4. Potato

Explanation: Water hyacinth multiplies rapidly by offsets and chokes water bodies, causing oxygen depletion and harming aquatic life. Therefore, it is called the “Terror of Bengal.” Answer: Option 2.

7. Choose the correct statements:
(a) Ginger propagates through rhizomes.
(b) Potato propagates through bulbils.
(c) Agave propagates through bulbils.
(d) Bryophyllum propagates through leaf buds.

1. a, c, d only
2. b and c only
3. a and b only
4. a, b, c and d

Explanation: Ginger propagates through rhizome, Agave through bulbils, and Bryophyllum through leaf buds. Potato does not use bulbils but eyes. Therefore, correct statements are a, c, d. Answer: Option 1.

8. Vegetative reproduction in onion is carried out by:

1. Corm
2. Bulb
3. Rhizome
4. Runner

Explanation: Onion reproduces vegetatively through bulbs, which are underground modified stems surrounded by fleshy scales. They sprout into new plants when favorable. Corm belongs to gladiolus, rhizome to ginger, runner to grass. Answer: Option 2.

9. Which vegetative propagule is used by Eichhornia?

1. Offset
2. Runner
3. Corm
4. Bulbil

Explanation: Eichhornia, also called water hyacinth, propagates vegetatively by offsets. This helps rapid spread in aquatic ecosystems, making it invasive. Answer: Option 1.

10. In which plant are adventitious buds present on leaf margins?

1. Bryophyllum
2. Onion
3. Ginger
4. Agave

Explanation: Bryophyllum leaves have adventitious buds along leaf margins that develop into new plants when detached. This is a unique vegetative propagation method in Bryophyllum. Answer: Option 1.

Topic: Families 

Subtopic: Liliaceae 

Keywords 

 • Floral Formula – A symbolic representation of flower structure. 

 • Actinomorphic – Radial symmetry. 

 • Perianth – Undifferentiated calyx and corolla. 

 • Epigynous – Ovary below floral whorls. 

 • Syncarpous – Fused carpels.

Lead Question – 2020 (COVID Reexam)

Which of the following is the correct floral formula of Liliaceae?

1) % ⚥ P3+3 A3+3 G̲(3)

2) ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G̲(2)

3) Br ⚥ P(3+3) A3+3 G(3)

4) ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)

Explanation: The correct floral formula of Liliaceae is ⚥ P3+3 A3+3 G̲(3). Flowers are actinomorphic, trimerous, perianth with six tepals, six stamens, and tricarpellary syncarpous ovary. The family shows superior ovary condition. Hence, option 1 is correct.

Question 2

Which type of ovary is present in Liliaceae family?

1) Epigynous

2) Hypogynous

3) Perigynous

4) None

Explanation: Flowers of Liliaceae are hypogynous with superior ovary. The perianth and stamens are attached below the ovary. Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Question 3

Leaves of Liliaceae are usually:

1) Compound and alternate

2) Simple, parallel venation

3) Pinnately compound

4) Palmately compound

Explanation: Liliaceae has simple leaves with parallel venation, a key monocot feature. This helps differentiate them from dicots with reticulate venation. Correct answer is option 2.

Question 4

Which inflorescence is common in Liliaceae?

1) Raceme

2) Umbel

3) Spike

4) Capitulum

Explanation: The family shows racemose type, often umbel. Members like Allium exhibit umbellate clusters. Hence, option 2 is correct.

Question 5

Assertion (A): Flowers of Liliaceae are actinomorphic. Reason (R): They possess bilateral symmetry.

1) Both A and R are true, R explains A

2) Both A and R are true, R does not explain A

3) A is true, R is false

4) A is false, R is true

Explanation: Liliaceae flowers are actinomorphic due to radial symmetry, not bilateral. Assertion true, Reason false. Hence option 3 is correct.

Question 6

Match the following: A. Tepals – 6 B. Stamens – 6 C. Carpels – 3 D. Placentation – Axile

1) A1 B2 C3 D4

2) A2 B3 C1 D4

3) A6 B6 C3 D1

4) A4 B6 C2 D3

Explanation: In Liliaceae, there are six tepals, six stamens, three fused carpels, and axile placentation. Thus, correct matching corresponds to option 3.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: Ovary of Liliaceae is ______.

1) Tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, axile placentation

2) Bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior

3) Monocarpellary

4) Polycarpellary

Explanation: Ovary of Liliaceae is tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior with axile placentation. Hence, option 1 is correct.

Question 8

Choose the correct statements: 1) Liliaceae belongs to monocots. 2) Seeds are endospermic. 3) Perianth present instead of distinct calyx and corolla. 4) All the above.

Explanation: All statements are true: monocot family, seeds endospermic, and perianth with tepals instead of calyx and corolla. Correct answer is option 4.

Question 9

Which medicinal plant belongs to Liliaceae?

1) Aloe vera

2) Tulsi

3) Neem

4) Hibiscus

Explanation: Aloe vera, widely used in medicine and cosmetics, belongs to Liliaceae. Tulsi, Neem, and Hibiscus belong to other families. Answer is option 1.

Question 10

Pollination in Liliaceae is mostly:

1) Anemophily

2) Entomophily

3) Hydrophily

4) Zoophily

Explanation: Pollination in Liliaceae is mainly by insects (entomophily), due to showy flowers and nectar. Hence option 2 is correct.

Question 11

Fruit type of Liliaceae members is usually:

1) Capsule

2) Drupe

3) Berry

4) Nut

Explanation: The fruit in Liliaceae is typically a capsule, derived from a tricarpellary syncarpous ovary. Hence, option 1 is correct.

Topic: Flower Structure
Subtopic: Position of Floral Parts

Keyword Definitions:

• Gynoecium: Female reproductive part of a flower, consisting of one or more carpels.

• Thalamus: Receptacle; the expanded tip of a pedicel where floral organs are attached.

• Ovary: Part of gynoecium containing ovules, develops into fruit after fertilization.

• Floral parts: Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels collectively form the flower.

• Hypogynous flower: Gynoecium at highest position; other parts below it.

• Perigynous flower: Margins of thalamus grow upward forming a cup; ovary is central.

• Epigynous flower: Ovary inferior; other floral parts arise above the ovary.

• Carpel: Unit of gynoecium enclosing ovules.

• Sepals: Outer whorl of floral parts, usually green and protective.

• Petals: Inner whorl, often colorful to attract pollinators.

Lead Question - 2020 (COVID Reexam)

Correct position of floral parts over thalamus in the mustard plant is :

1. Gynoecium occupies the highest position, while the other parts are situated below it.
2. Margin of the thalamus grows upward, enclosing the ovary completely, and other parts arise below the ovary.
3. Gynoecium is present in the center and other parts cover it partially.
4. Gynoecium is situated in the center, and other parts of the flower are located at the rim of the thalamus, at the same level.

Explanation: Mustard plant has a hypogynous flower where the gynoecium (carpels) occupies the highest position on the thalamus. Sepals, petals, and stamens arise below the ovary. This ensures the ovary remains superior. Correct answer is option (1) Gynoecium occupies the highest position, while the other parts are situated below it.

Guessed Questions:

1. Type of flower in mustard plant is:
(1) Epigynous
(2) Hypogynous
(3) Perigynous
(4) None of these

Explanation: Mustard flower is hypogynous with a superior ovary. Sepals, petals, and stamens arise below the ovary. Epigynous and perigynous flowers have inferior and half-inferior ovary respectively. Correct answer is option (2) Hypogynous.

2. Ovary position in hypogynous flower is:
(1) Superior
(2) Inferior
(3) Half-inferior
(4) Central

Explanation: In hypogynous flowers, gynoecium is at the top of thalamus and other parts arise below. Ovary remains above attachment of sepals, petals, and stamens, making it superior. Correct answer is option (1) Superior.

3. Stamens in mustard flower are located:
(1) Above the ovary
(2) Below the ovary
(3) Around the ovary
(4) Mixed with petals

Explanation: In hypogynous flowers like mustard, stamens arise below the ovary along with petals and sepals. This ensures the ovary is superior and not enclosed. Correct answer is option (2) Below the ovary.

4. Sepals and petals in mustard flower are:
(1) Above ovary
(2) Below ovary
(3) Surrounding ovary
(4) Fused with ovary

Explanation: Sepals and petals in hypogynous flowers arise below the superior ovary on the thalamus. They are free from ovary and do not enclose it. Correct answer is option (2) Below ovary.

5. Which flower type has ovary enclosed by thalamus margins?
(1) Epigynous
(2) Perigynous
(3) Hypogynous
(4) None of these

Explanation: Perigynous and epigynous flowers have ovary enclosed or half-enclosed by thalamus or floral cup. In hypogynous flowers, ovary is free and superior. Correct answer is option (2) Perigynous.

6. Number of whorls in mustard flower is:
(1) Two
(2) Three
(3) Four
(4) Five

Explanation: Mustard flower has four whorls: calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), androecium (stamens), and gynoecium (carpels). Each whorl has distinct organs arranged on thalamus. Correct answer is option (3) Four.

7. Assertion (A): Mustard flower has superior ovary.
Reason (R): Floral parts arise below the gynoecium.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: Hypogynous flowers like mustard have a superior ovary with floral parts arising below it. The position of other floral parts supports the ovary's superiority. Both assertion and reason are true and reason explains the assertion. Correct answer is option (1).

8. Fill in the blanks:
In mustard plant, the flower is ______ type with ovary on top of thalamus.
(1) Epigynous
(2) Hypogynous
(3) Perigynous
(4) None

Explanation: Mustard flower is hypogynous with superior ovary. Sepals, petals, and stamens arise below the ovary, keeping it at the highest position on the thalamus. Correct answer is option (2) Hypogynous.

9. Match the following:
(a) Mustard - (i) Hypogynous
(b) Cucumber - (ii) Perigynous
(c) Brinjal - (iii) Epigynous
(d) Guava - (iv) Epigynous

Options:
(1) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(iv)
(2) a-(ii), b-(i), c-(iv), d-(iii)
(3) a-(i), b-(iii), c-(ii), d-(iv)
(4) a-(iv), b-(iii), c-(ii), d-(i)

Explanation: Mustard has hypogynous flowers, cucumber perigynous, brinjal and guava epigynous. Correct matching is option (1).

10. Choose the correct statements:
(1) Mustard flower is hypogynous
(2) Ovary is inferior
(3) Sepals and petals arise below ovary
(4) Stamens are situated below gynoecium

Explanation: Mustard flower is

Topic: Flower Structure

Subtopic: Types of Ovary in Flowers

Keyword Definitions:

• Ray florets – Strap-shaped peripheral flowers in composite inflorescence like sunflower.

• Hypogynous ovary – Ovary positioned above the point of attachment of other floral parts.

• Half-inferior ovary – Ovary partially enclosed by receptacle, floral parts attached midway.

• Inferior ovary – Ovary located below the point of attachment of other floral parts.

• Superior ovary – Ovary situated above attachment of petals, sepals, and stamens.

• Composite inflorescence – Cluster of small florets forming a single flower-like structure.

• Floret – Small individual flower part of a composite head.

• Corolla – Collective term for all petals of a flower.

• Receptacle – Part of stem where floral organs are attached.

• Disc florets – Tubular central florets in composite flowers.

• Asteraceae – Plant family including sunflower, daisy, characterized by composite inflorescence.

Lead Question - 2020

Ray florets have:
(1) Hypogynous ovary
(2) Half inferior ovary
(3) Inferior ovary
(4) Superior ovary

Explanation: In ray florets of Asteraceae, the ovary is inferior, situated below the attachment of other floral parts. This structural adaptation aids in fruit formation and seed dispersal. Correct answer is (3) Inferior ovary.

1. Single Correct Answer: What type of ovary is present in disc florets of sunflower?
(1) Superior
(2) Half-inferior
(3) Inferior
(4) Hypogynous

Explanation: Disc florets of sunflower also have an inferior ovary, positioned below the point of attachment of other floral parts, facilitating fruit formation. Correct answer is (3) Inferior.

2. Single Correct Answer: Ray florets are usually:
(1) Bisexual
(2) Male only
(3) Female only
(4) Sterile

Explanation: Ray florets are typically female, possessing only the pistil with inferior ovary. This specialization aids in reproductive efficiency. Correct answer is (3) Female only.

3. Single Correct Answer: The attachment of petals in ray florets is:
(1) Above ovary
(2) Below ovary
(3) Lateral to ovary
(4) None

Explanation: In ray florets, the corolla petals are attached above the inferior ovary, forming a tube-like structure, characteristic of Asteraceae. Correct answer is (1) Above ovary.

4. Single Correct Answer: Ray florets are found in:
(1) Centre of flower head
(2) Periphery of flower head
(3) Root region
(4) Stem nodes

Explanation: Ray florets form the periphery of composite flower heads, giving showy appearance and aiding in pollinator attraction. Correct answer is (2) Periphery of flower head.

5. Assertion-Reason:
Assertion (A): Ray florets have inferior ovary.
Reason (R): Ovary is positioned below attachment of other floral parts.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: The inferior ovary in ray florets is located below the attachment of petals and sepals, consistent with Asteraceae floral structure. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason explains the assertion. Correct answer is (1).

6. Single Correct Answer: Hypogynous flowers have:
(1) Superior ovary
(2) Inferior ovary
(3) Half-inferior ovary
(4) No ovary

Explanation: Hypogynous flowers have a superior ovary, situated above the point of attachment of other floral parts. Correct answer is (1) Superior ovary.

7. Matching Type: Match flower type with ovary type:
(a) Ray floret – i. Superior
(b) Disc floret – ii. Inferior
(c) Hypogynous flower – iii. Half-inferior
(d) Thalamiflora – iv. Inferior
Options:
(1) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii
(2) a-ii, b-ii, c-i, d-iii
(3) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(4) a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-ii

Explanation: Ray florets have inferior ovary (a-ii), disc florets inferior (b-ii), hypogynous flower superior (c-i), thalamiflora partially inferior (d-iii). Correct match is (2).

8. Fill in the blank: The floral family having ray florets with inferior ovary is _______.
(1) Fabaceae
(2) Asteraceae
(3) Liliaceae
(4) Solanaceae

Explanation: Ray florets with inferior ovary are characteristic of Asteraceae family, including sunflower and daisy. Correct answer is (2) Asteraceae.

9. Single Correct Answer: In Asteraceae, the function of ray florets is:
(1) Produce pollen only
(2) Attract pollinators
(3) Store nutrients
(4) Conduct photosynthesis

Explanation: Ray florets are showy, usually sterile or female, and primarily function to attract pollinators to the composite flower head. Correct answer is (2) Attract pollinators.

10. Choose the correct statements:
(a) Ray florets have inferior ovary
(b) Disc florets have inferior ovary
(c) Ray florets are male
(d) Ray florets are female
Options:
(1) a, b, d
(2) a, b, c
(3) a, c, d
(4) b, c, d

Explanation: Both ray and disc florets have inferior ovary. Ray florets are typically female. Therefore, correct statements are (a, b, d). Correct answer is (1) a, b, d.

Subtopic: Generations in Plant Structures

• Pollen grain: Male gametophyte in seed plants that produces sperm cells for fertilization.

• Anther: Part of stamen where pollen grains are produced.

• Germinated pollen grain: Pollen grain that has grown a pollen tube containing two male gametes.

• Seed: Mature fertilized ovule containing embryo and stored food.

• Fruit: Mature ovary of a flower enclosing seeds.

• Embryo sac: Female gametophyte inside the ovule containing egg cell and other nuclei.

• Ovule: Structure in ovary that develops into a seed after fertilization.

• Gamete: Haploid reproductive cell that fuses with another to form a zygote.

• Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

• Diploid generation: Sporophyte; produces spores by meiosis.

• Haploid generation: Gametophyte; produces gametes by mitosis.

Lead Question (2020): The plant parts which consist of two generations—one within the other:
Options:
1. (c) and (d)
2. (a) and (d)
3. (a) only
4. (a), (b) and (c)

Explanation: Correct answer is 1. Seeds inside fruits and embryo sacs inside ovules represent two generations: the diploid sporophyte (fruit/seed coat) and haploid gametophyte (embryo sac or embryo inside). Pollen grains or germinated pollen represent a single gametophytic generation, not two.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which structure in plants represents the female gametophyte?
Options:
a. Pollen grain
b. Embryo sac
c. Seed coat
d. Anther

Explanation: Correct answer is b. The embryo sac inside the ovule is the female gametophyte that produces the egg cell for fertilization, representing the haploid generation within the diploid sporophyte ovule.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which plant structure contains a developing embryo?
Options:
a. Ovule
b. Fruit
c. Seed
d. Anther

Explanation: Correct answer is c. Seed contains the developing embryo, which is the next sporophytic generation enclosed within protective tissues of the parent sporophyte (seed coat), representing two generations in one structure.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Pollen grains develop inside which plant structure?
Options:
a. Ovule
b. Anther
c. Embryo sac
d. Seed

Explanation: Correct answer is b. Pollen grains, the male gametophytes, develop inside the anther, which is part of the diploid sporophyte. This represents a single generation only and does not include two generations.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which structure represents a gametophyte generation in seed plants?
Options:
a. Seed coat
b. Embryo sac
c. Fruit
d. Pericarp

Explanation: Correct answer is b. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte and haploid, formed within the ovule, which is diploid. Together they show the presence of two generations in one structure.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which part of a plant contains both sporophyte and gametophyte generations?
Options:
a. Pollen grain
b. Seed
c. Male gamete
d. Anther

Explanation: Correct answer is b. Seeds contain the diploid sporophyte tissues (seed coat) and the developing diploid embryo derived from haploid gametes, representing two generations together.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Germinated pollen grain contains:
Options:
a. One male gamete
b. Two male gametes
c. Embryo sac
d. Seed

Explanation: Correct answer is b. Germinated pollen contains two male gametes for fertilization. It represents a single gametophytic generation and not two generations inside one structure.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Seed represents two generations in one structure.
Reason (R): Seed contains embryo (sporophyte) inside the seed coat (sporophyte tissue).
Options:
a. Both A and R true, R explains A
b. Both A and R true, R does not explain A
c. A true, R false
d. A false, R true

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Seeds enclose the diploid embryo derived from gametes inside tissues formed by the parent sporophyte, so both assertion and reason are true and reason explains the assertion.

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match plant part with description:
(a) Pollen grain - (i) Male gametophyte
(b) Embryo sac - (ii) Female gametophyte
(c) Seed - (iii) Contains embryo and seed coat
(d) Fruit - (iv) Mature ovary
Options:
1. a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
2. a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
3. a-i, b-iii, c-ii, d-iv
4. a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii

Explanation: Correct answer is 1. Pollen grain is male gametophyte, embryo sac is female gametophyte, seed contains embryo and seed coat, and fruit is mature ovary enclosing seeds.

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
The female gametophyte is present inside the ______.
Options:
a. Pollen grain
b. Ovule
c. Seed coat
d. Anther

Explanation: Correct answer is b. The embryo sac, which is the female gametophyte, is present inside the ovule, representing the haploid generation within the diploid sporophytic tissue.

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:
Select all that are correct:
i. Seed contains both embryo and seed coat
ii. Embryo sac is female gametophyte inside ovule
iii. Pollen grain represents two generations
iv. Fruit is derived from ovary enclosing seed
Options:
1. i,

Subtopic: Position of Ovary

• Ovary: Part of the pistil in a flower that contains ovules and develops into fruit after fertilization.

• Inferior Ovary: Ovary positioned below the attachment of other floral parts.

• Half Inferior Ovary: Ovary partially embedded in the receptacle with some parts above and some below other floral organs.

• Sunflower: A plant with a superior ovary.

• Plum: A fruit with a superior ovary.

• Brinjal: A plant with a half inferior ovary.

• Mustard: A plant with a superior ovary.

• Floral Morphology: Study of structure, arrangement, and types of flower parts.

• Pistil: Female reproductive part of a flower consisting of ovary, style, and stigma.

• Ovule: Structure inside the ovary that develops into a seed after fertilization.

• Receptacle: Part of the flower stalk where floral organs are attached.

Lead Question (2020): The ovary is half inferior in:
Options:
1. Sunflower
2. Plum
3. Brinjal
4. Mustard

Explanation: Correct answer is 3. Brinjal has a half inferior ovary, meaning the ovary is partially embedded in the receptacle with floral parts attached midway. Sunflower, plum, and mustard have superior ovaries with the ovary positioned above other floral organs. This structural feature influences fruit formation and classification.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following plants has a superior ovary?
Options:
a. Brinjal
b. Mustard
c. Apple
d. All of the above

Explanation: Correct answer is d. Mustard, apple, and other similar plants have superior ovaries, where the ovary is positioned above the point of attachment of other floral parts. This arrangement affects the type of fruit produced and is important in floral classification.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Half inferior ovary is also called:
Options:
a. Epigynous
b. Hypogynous
c. Perigynous
d. None of the above

Explanation: Correct answer is c. A half inferior ovary is also termed perigynous, where the ovary is partially enclosed by the receptacle and other floral parts appear attached around it. Epigynous and hypogynous flowers have fully inferior and superior ovaries respectively.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
In a flower with superior ovary, the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached:
Options:
a. Below the ovary
b. At the same level as ovary
c. Above the ovary
d. Around the ovary

Explanation: Correct answer is a. In superior ovaries, floral parts such as sepals, petals, and stamens are attached below the ovary, meaning the ovary sits on top. This contrasts with half inferior and inferior ovaries, influencing floral classification and fruit development.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which part of the flower partially encloses a half inferior ovary?
Options:
a. Ovule
b. Receptacle
c. Style
d. Petals

Explanation: Correct answer is b. In a half inferior ovary, the receptacle partially encloses the ovary, providing support and attachment for floral organs. This structural adaptation is intermediate between superior and completely inferior ovaries, influencing classification and fruit morphology.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following plants has a half inferior ovary?
Options:
a. Brinjal
b. Sunflower
c. Mustard
d. Plum

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Brinjal exhibits a half inferior ovary, partially embedded in the receptacle. Sunflower, mustard, and plum have superior ovaries. This difference helps in distinguishing floral types and understanding ovary position's influence on reproductive structure and fruit formation.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
What type of ovary does mustard have?
Options:
a. Superior
b. Half inferior
c. Inferior
d. None of the above

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Mustard has a superior ovary where the ovary is located above the attachment of sepals, petals, and stamens. This arrangement is typical for cruciferous plants, and contrasts with brinjal which has a half inferior ovary partially embedded in the receptacle.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Brinjal flower has a half inferior ovary.
Reason (R): In half inferior ovaries, floral parts are partially surrounding the ovary.
Options:
a. Both A and R are true, R explains A
b. Both A and R are true, R does not explain A
c. A is true, R is false
d. A is false, R is true

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Brinjal has a half inferior ovary, and in this condition, the floral parts partially surround the ovary, making the reason correct and explanatory for the assertion. This classification is intermediate between superior and inferior ovary types.

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match the plant with its ovary type:
(a) Sunflower | (i) Half inferior
(b) Brinjal | (ii) Superior
(c) Mustard | (iii) Superior
(d) Plum | (iv) Superior
Options:
1. a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
2. a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
3. a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv
4. a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii

Explanation: Correct answer is 1. Sunflower has a superior ovary (a-ii), brinjal has a half inferior ovary (b-i), mustard has superior ovary (c-iii), and plum also has superior ovary (d-iv). This classification aids in identifying ovary position and flower morphology.

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
In a flower with a half inferior ovary, the ovary is partially embedded in the ________.
Options:
a. Receptacle
b. Ovule
c. Style
d. Petals

Explanation: Correct answer is a. The half inferior ovary is partially embedded in the receptacle, which supports attachment of other floral organs. This feature is seen in plants like brinjal and is important for classification and understanding floral structural adaptations.

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:
Select correct statements about half inferior ovary:
i. Ovary is partially embedded in receptacle
ii. Seen in brinjal
iii

Topic: Ovule Structure
Subtopic: Ovule Attachment and Funicle

• Ovule: Structure in seed plants that develops into a seed after fertilization.

• Funicle: Stalk connecting the ovule to the placenta in the ovary.

• Nucellus: Central tissue of the ovule providing nourishment to the developing embryo sac.

• Chalaza: Region opposite the micropyle where nucellus and integuments meet; base of ovule.

• Hilum: Point of attachment of the ovule to the funicle.

• Micropyle: Small opening in the ovule through which pollen tube enters for fertilization.

• Integuments: Protective layers surrounding the nucellus in the ovule.

• Embryo Sac: Female gametophyte within the ovule.

• Seed Development: Process beginning after fertilization when ovule matures into a seed.

• Placenta: Tissue inside ovary where ovules are attached.

• Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Lead Question (2020): The body of the ovule is fused within the funicle at:
Options:
1. Nucellus
2. Chalaza
3. Hilum
4. Micropyle

Explanation: Correct answer is 3. The hilum is the specific point where the ovule attaches to the funicle. This connection ensures nutrient transport from the parent plant to the ovule. The other parts, such as the nucellus, chalaza, and micropyle, have distinct functions in ovule structure and fertilization.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which part of the ovule allows entry of the pollen tube?
Options:
a. Micropyle
b. Hilum
c. Chalaza
d. Nucellus

Explanation: Correct answer is a. The micropyle is a small opening in the ovule through which the pollen tube enters, enabling fertilization of the egg cell within the embryo sac.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
The basal part of the ovule where nucellus and integuments meet is called:
Options:
a. Chalaza
b. Hilum
c. Micropyle
d. Funicle

Explanation: Correct answer is a. The chalaza is opposite the micropyle and serves as the base of the ovule where the nucellus and integuments converge, providing structural support.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which tissue in the ovule nourishes the developing embryo sac?
Options:
a. Nucellus
b. Funicle
c. Chalaza
d. Hilum

Explanation: Correct answer is a. The nucellus is the central tissue of the ovule, providing nutrition to the developing embryo sac during fertilization and early seed formation.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which structure connects the ovule to the placenta?
Options:
a. Funicle
b. Hilum
c. Chalaza
d. Micropyle

Explanation: Correct answer is a. The funicle is the stalk-like structure attaching the ovule to the placenta, facilitating nutrient supply and positioning the ovule within the ovary.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which part of the ovule is opposite the micropyle?
Options:
a. Chalaza
b. Hilum
c. Funicle
d. Nucellus

Explanation: Correct answer is a. The chalaza is located opposite the micropyle and serves as the base of the ovule, connecting the nucellus with the integuments and facilitating nutrient flow.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which part of the ovule forms the point of fusion with the funicle?
Options:
a. Hilum
b. Micropyle
c. Chalaza
d. Nucellus

Explanation: Correct answer is a. The hilum is the attachment point of the ovule to the funicle, allowing the transfer of nutrients and anchoring the ovule to the placenta.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): The hilum is essential for ovule attachment.
Reason (R): The hilum connects the ovule to the funicle, facilitating nutrient transport.
Options:
a. Both A and R are true, R explains A
b. Both A and R are true, R does not explain A
c. A is true, R is false
d. A is false, R is true

Explanation: Correct answer is a. The hilum serves as the attachment site of the ovule to the funicle. This connection allows nutrient movement and supports the ovule structurally, confirming both assertion and reason are true and the reason explains the assertion.

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match ovule part with function:
(a) Hilum - (i) Ovule attachment
(b) Micropyle - (ii) Entry of pollen tube
(c) Chalaza - (iii) Base where integuments meet
(d) Nucellus - (iv) Nourishment of embryo sac
Options:
1. a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
2. a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
3. a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
4. a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i

Explanation: Correct answer is 1. Hilum attaches the ovule to the funicle (a-i), micropyle allows pollen tube entry (b-ii), chalaza forms the base (c-iii), and nucellus nourishes the embryo sac (d-iv), representing standard ovule anatomy.

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
The small opening of the ovule through which the pollen tube enters is called ________.
Options:
a. Micropyle
b. Hilum
c. Chalaza
d. Funicle

Explanation: Correct answer is a. The micropyle is a tiny pore at the ovule apex that permits pollen tube entry for fertilization, critical for successful seed formation.

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:
Select the correct statements regarding ovule structure:
i. Funicle connects ovule to placenta
ii. Hilum is the attachment point
iii. Micropyle allows pollen entry
iv. Chalaza is opposite the micropyle
Options:
a. i, ii, iii
b. i, iii, iv
c. i, ii, iii, iv
d. ii, iii, iv

Explanation: Correct answer is c. All statements are correct. Funicle attaches ovule to placenta, hilum is the fusion point, micropyle allows pollen tube entry, and chalaza is opposite micropyle, providing structural and functional understanding of ovule anatomy.

Topic: Pollination Mechanisms
Subtopic: Hydrophily and Entomophily

• Pollination: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma to achieve fertilization.

• Entomophily: Pollination carried out by insects.

• Hydrophily: Pollination carried out by water currents.

• Water Hyacinth: Aquatic plant with floating leaves and flowers, pollinated by insects and water.

• Water Lily: Aquatic plant with floating flowers, pollinated by insects and water.

• Wind Pollination: Transfer of pollen through air currents.

• Self-Pollination: Transfer of pollen within the same flower or plant.

• Cross-Pollination: Transfer of pollen between different plants.

• Floral Adaptation: Features of flowers adapted for specific pollination mechanisms.

• Pollinators: Agents such as insects, water, or wind that help in pollen transfer.

• Pollen: Male gametophyte of seed plants containing sperm cells.

Lead Question (2020): In water hyacinth and water lily, pollination takes place by:
Options:
1. Wind and water
2. Insects and water
3. Insects or wind
4. Water currents only

Explanation: Correct answer is 2. In water hyacinth and water lily, pollination is carried out by insects (entomophily) and water (hydrophily). Their floral adaptations, such as floating flowers and attractive petals, facilitate insect visits while water helps in pollen transfer between flowers, ensuring effective fertilization in aquatic habitats.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which type of pollination is carried out by insects?
Options:
a. Entomophily
b. Hydrophily
c. Anemophily
d. Autogamy

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Entomophily refers to pollination by insects. Insects such as bees and beetles carry pollen from flower to flower. Hydrophily involves water, anemophily involves wind, and autogamy is self-pollination, none of which specifically rely on insects for pollen transfer.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Pollination by water currents is called:
Options:
a. Hydrophily
b. Entomophily
c. Anemophily
d. Zoophily

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Hydrophily is the pollination mechanism in which pollen is transferred through water currents. This occurs in aquatic plants like water hyacinth and water lily. Entomophily is insect pollination, anemophily is wind pollination, and zoophily involves animals other than insects.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Water lily flowers are adapted for:
Options:
a. Insect and water pollination
b. Wind pollination
c. Self-pollination only
d. Animal pollination by birds

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Water lily flowers float on water and attract insects with bright petals and nectar. Pollen is transferred both by insects visiting flowers and by water currents, making these plants specialized for dual pollination mechanisms.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which floral feature helps insects in pollination of aquatic plants?
Options:
a. Bright petals
b. Floating leaves
c. Reduced sepals
d. Underground flowers

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Bright petals attract insects to visit flowers, aiding in pollination. Floating leaves support the flower, but attraction primarily depends on petals and nectar availability. Underground flowers are not involved in insect-mediated pollination.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following plants is purely hydrophilous?
Options:
a. Vallisneria
b. Water hyacinth
c. Water lily
d. Hibiscus

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Vallisneria exhibits true hydrophily, with pollen entirely transported through water. Water hyacinth and water lily rely on both insects and water, while Hibiscus is primarily insect-pollinated, not water-mediated.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Entomophilous pollination is enhanced by:
Options:
a. Nectar and scent
b. Floating leaves
c. Water currents
d. Wind

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Nectar and fragrance attract insects for pollination. While water currents help in hydrophily and floating leaves provide support, nectar and scent are crucial for entomophily. Wind does not directly assist insect-mediated pollination.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Water hyacinth flowers can be pollinated by both insects and water.
Reason (R): Flowers have adaptations like floating blossoms and nectar to attract pollinators.
Options:
a. Both A and R are true, R explains A
b. Both A and R are true, R does not explain A
c. A is true, R is false
d. A is false, R is true

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Water hyacinth flowers are adapted for dual pollination by insects and water. Floating blossoms provide support while nectar attracts insects, explaining the mechanism and facilitating effective reproduction in aquatic habitats.

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match plant with pollination mechanism:
(a) Water hyacinth | (i) Hydrophily and entomophily
(b) Vallisneria | (ii) Hydrophily only
(c) Hibiscus | (iii) Entomophily only
(d) Grass | (iv) Anemophily
Options:
1. a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
2. a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
3. a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv
4. a-i, b-iii, c-ii, d-iv

Explanation: Correct answer is 1. Water hyacinth uses both insects and water (a-i). Vallisneria is purely hydrophilous (b-ii). Hibiscus is insect-pollinated (c-iii), and grasses are wind-pollinated (d-iv), illustrating diverse pollination strategies in plants.

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
Pollination by insects is called ________.
Options:
a. Entomophily
b. Hydrophily
c. Anemophily
d. Zoophily

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Entomophily refers to insect-mediated pollination. Flowers attract insects using visual cues, nectar, or scent, enabling effective transfer of pollen to stigmas and ensuring fertilization.

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:
Select correct statements regarding pollination in water hyacinth and water lily:
i. Flowers can be pollinated by insects
ii. Water currents aid in pollen transfer
iii. They are purely wind-pollinated
iv. Floral adaptations attract pollinators
Options:
a. i, ii, iv
b. i, iii
c. ii, iii
d. i, ii,

Subtopic: Position of Ovary

• Ovary: Part of the pistil in a flower that contains ovules and develops into fruit after fertilization.

• Inferior Ovary: Ovary positioned below the attachment of other floral parts.

• Half Inferior Ovary: Ovary partially embedded in the receptacle with some parts above and some below other floral organs.

• Sunflower: A plant with a superior ovary.

• Plum: A fruit with a superior ovary.

• Brinjal: A plant with a half inferior ovary.

• Mustard: A plant with a superior ovary.

• Floral Morphology: Study of structure, arrangement, and types of flower parts.

• Pistil: Female reproductive part of a flower consisting of ovary, style, and stigma.

• Ovule: Structure inside the ovary that develops into a seed after fertilization.

• Receptacle: Part of the flower stalk where floral organs are attached.

Lead Question (2020): The ovary is half inferior in:
Options:
1. Sunflower
2. Plum
3. Brinjal
4. Mustard

Explanation: Correct answer is 3. Brinjal has a half inferior ovary, meaning the ovary is partially embedded in the receptacle with floral parts attached midway. Sunflower, plum, and mustard have superior ovaries with the ovary positioned above other floral organs. This structural feature influences fruit formation and classification.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following plants has a superior ovary?
Options:
a. Brinjal
b. Mustard
c. Apple
d. All of the above

Explanation: Correct answer is d. Mustard, apple, and other similar plants have superior ovaries, where the ovary is positioned above the point of attachment of other floral parts. This arrangement affects the type of fruit produced and is important in floral classification.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Half inferior ovary is also called:
Options:
a. Epigynous
b. Hypogynous
c. Perigynous
d. None of the above

Explanation: Correct answer is c. A half inferior ovary is also termed perigynous, where the ovary is partially enclosed by the receptacle and other floral parts appear attached around it. Epigynous and hypogynous flowers have fully inferior and superior ovaries respectively.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
In a flower with superior ovary, the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached:
Options:
a. Below the ovary
b. At the same level as ovary
c. Above the ovary
d. Around the ovary