Biodiversity & Conservation

Topic: Ecological Concepts; Subtopic: Endemism and Species Distribution

Keyword Definitions:

• Endemism: Ecological state in which a species is restricted to a specific geographic location and not naturally found elsewhere.

• Species richness: The total number of different species present in a defined area.

• Species evenness: The relative abundance of individuals among different species in an ecosystem.

• Species diversity: Combined measure of species richness and evenness in a community.

• Habitat: The natural environment in which a species lives and thrives.

• Geographical range: The area or region in which a species is naturally found.

• Biogeography: Study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.

• Conservation: Efforts to protect species and ecosystems from extinction or degradation.

Lead Question - 2022 (Abroad)
Endemism refers to:
1. Species richness
2. Species evenness
3. Species confined to that region
4. Species diversity
Explanation: The correct answer is Species confined to that region. Endemism describes species that are native to a specific geographic area and not naturally found elsewhere. This can occur due to geographic isolation, unique ecological conditions, or evolutionary processes. Endemic species are often highly vulnerable to habitat loss and environmental changes. They contribute significantly to global biodiversity and are important for conservation planning. Unlike species richness, evenness, or diversity, endemism specifically emphasizes the restricted geographic distribution of organisms, making it a crucial concept in biogeography and ecological studies for preserving unique flora and fauna.

1. Single Correct Answer Type:
Which of the following is an example of an endemic species?
1. Lion found in Africa and India
2. Kangaroo in Australia
3. House sparrow worldwide
4. Polar bear in Arctic and subarctic regions
Explanation: The correct answer is Kangaroo in Australia. Kangaroos are native and restricted to Australia, making them endemic to this region. Unlike lions, sparrows, or polar bears, which have wider geographic ranges, endemic species exist only in specific regions due to historical, ecological, or evolutionary factors. Endemism indicates the uniqueness of a region’s biodiversity and helps identify priority areas for conservation. These species often evolve in isolation and are sensitive to environmental changes, habitat destruction, and invasive species, making protection of their natural habitats essential for maintaining ecological balance and regional biodiversity.

2. Single Correct Answer Type:
High endemism in a region usually indicates:
1. Low species richness
2. Unique ecological conditions
3. Worldwide species distribution
4. Species evenness
Explanation: The correct answer is Unique ecological conditions. High endemism occurs where species are confined to a region due to isolation, specialized habitats, or unique environmental conditions. Such areas often have distinctive climates, geography, or evolutionary histories, promoting the emergence of endemic species. Endemism does not necessarily imply low species richness; a region can be both species-rich and highly endemic. Understanding endemism helps in prioritizing areas for biodiversity conservation, protecting species with restricted ranges, and preventing local extinctions caused by habitat loss, climate change, or invasive species, ensuring the maintenance of global biodiversity.

3. Single Correct Answer Type:
Which region is known for high plant endemism?
1. Amazon Rainforest
2. Western Ghats
3. Sahara Desert
4. Great Plains of North America
Explanation: The correct answer is Western Ghats. The Western Ghats of India are a biodiversity hotspot with a high proportion of plant species found nowhere else, making them endemic. Factors include unique topography, climate, and geological history. Unlike the Amazon or Sahara, which have lower endemic proportions, the Western Ghats’ isolation and ecological diversity support endemism. Conservation of endemic species in such regions is crucial, as their restricted distribution makes them vulnerable to habitat destruction, climate change, and human activities. Protecting these ecosystems preserves genetic diversity and ecological integrity for future generations.

4. Single Correct Answer Type:
Endemic species are most vulnerable to:
1. Global migration
2. Habitat loss
3. Abundant food sources
4. Widespread distribution
Explanation: The correct answer is Habitat loss. Endemic species are confined to specific regions; thus, destruction or alteration of their habitat can easily lead to population decline or extinction. Unlike widespread species, they cannot relocate or adapt quickly to other regions. Conservation strategies targeting habitat protection, restoration, and control of invasive species are essential for their survival. Endemic species often have specialized ecological requirements, making them indicators of ecosystem health. Preserving their habitats not only protects individual species but also maintains regional biodiversity, ecological balance, and unique evolutionary lineages.

5. Single Correct Answer Type:
Which factor does NOT contribute to endemism?
1. Geographic isolation
2. Unique ecological niches
3. Human introduction of species
4. Evolutionary adaptation
Explanation: The correct answer is Human introduction of species. Endemism arises from natural isolation, unique habitats, and evolutionary adaptation over time. Introduced species, brought by humans to new regions, are not endemic because they are not naturally confined. Geographic barriers such as mountains or islands, and specialized ecological conditions, drive endemism. Protecting endemic species requires conservation of these natural barriers and ecological niches. Human introductions can threaten endemic species through competition, predation, or disease, making it critical to manage invasive species to maintain the integrity of naturally endemic biodiversity.

6. Single Correct Answer Type:
Endemism is most often studied under which field?
1. Genetics
2. Biogeography
3. Physiology
4. Molecular biology
Explanation: The correct answer is Biogeography. Biogeography examines the distribution of species across geographic space and time, and endemism is a key concept in identifying species confined to specific regions. This field helps understand historical, ecological, and evolutionary processes that lead to restricted ranges. Knowledge of endemism aids in conservation planning, identifying biodiversity hotspots, and mitigating threats. Other fields like genetics, physiology, and molecular biology study internal traits of organisms, but the spatial restriction and regional uniqueness of species is specifically a biogeographical concern, providing critical insights for ecosystem management and preservation of endemic species.

7. Assertion-Reason Type:
Assertion (A): Islands often have high endemism.
Reason (R): Geographic isolation limits gene flow and promotes speciation.
1. Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
2. Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
3. A is correct, R is false
4. A is false, R is true
Explanation: Correct answer is Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A. Islands are naturally isolated, limiting immigration and gene flow. Over time, this isolation promotes speciation, resulting in species unique to those islands. Examples include the Galápagos finches and Madagascar lemurs. Endemism on islands highlights the role of geographic barriers in evolution. These species are vulnerable to environmental changes and human interference. Studying island endemism provides insights into adaptive radiation, evolutionary ecology, and informs conservation priorities to protect these uniquely evolved species and their fragile habitats.

8. Matching Type:
Match the region with its characteristic endemism:
A. Madagascar → (i) High animal endemism
B. Western Ghats → (ii) High plant endemism
C. Galápagos Islands → (iii) Island adaptive radiation
D. Amazon Rainforest → (iv) High species richness, low endemism
Options:
1. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
2. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
3. A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
4. A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
Explanation: Correct answer is 1. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv. Madagascar has unique animals; Western Ghats are rich in endemic plants; Galápagos Islands show adaptive radiation; Amazon is highly species-rich but many species have wider distributions. Endemism is influenced by isolation, evolutionary history,

Topic: Biodiversity Threats; Subtopic: Evil Quarter

• Evil Quarter: Term describing major threats to biodiversity causing species decline.

• Habitat loss and fragmentation: Destruction or division of natural habitats reducing living space for species.

• Over-exploitation: Excessive use of species for human needs leading to population decline.

• Alien species invasion: Introduction of non-native species disrupting local ecosystems.

• Mortality: Death rate in populations, natural or induced.

• Competition: Interaction between species or individuals for limited resources.

• Biodiversity: Variety of life in ecosystems, species, and genes.

• Conservation: Protection and management of natural resources to prevent biodiversity loss.

• Extinction: Complete disappearance of a species from Earth.

• Anthropogenic threats: Human-induced factors causing environmental degradation and species decline.

• Ecosystem disruption: Disturbances altering ecosystem structure and function, reducing species survival.

Lead Question - 2022 (Abroad)

Which of the following come under the "Evil Quarter"?

(a) Habitat loss and fragmentation
(b) Over-exploitation
(c) Alien species invasion
(d) Mortality
(e) Competition

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. (a), (c) and (d)

2. (b), (c) and (d)

3. (a), (b) and (c)

Explanation: The "Evil Quarter" refers to major anthropogenic threats affecting biodiversity. Habitat loss and fragmentation, over-exploitation, and alien species invasion are primary causes. Mortality and competition are consequences or natural factors. Therefore, the correct combination from the options representing the Evil Quarter is (a), (b) and (c). Answer: 3

Q1: Which is a direct consequence of habitat fragmentation?

1. Increased population

2. Reduced genetic diversity

3. Enhanced ecosystem stability

4. Improved species survival

Explanation: Habitat fragmentation divides populations into isolated patches, reducing gene flow and genetic diversity. This leads to inbreeding and increased extinction risk. Fragmentation disrupts ecosystems rather than stabilizing them. Correct answer is reduced genetic diversity, a direct negative consequence of dividing habitats. Answer: Reduced genetic diversity. Answer: 2

Q2: Over-exploitation of species primarily leads to:

1. Population growth

2. Extinction

3. Migration

4. Speciation

Explanation: Over-exploitation occurs when humans excessively harvest species for food, medicine, or trade. Unsustainable use reduces population numbers rapidly, pushing species toward local or global extinction. Proper conservation is required to prevent species loss. Answer: Extinction. Answer: 2

Q3: Alien species invasion affects native species by:

1. Providing more food

2. Displacing native species

3. Increasing biodiversity naturally

4. Reducing mortality

Explanation: Alien species often outcompete native species for resources, introducing diseases or predation, causing population declines or local extinctions. They disrupt natural ecosystems rather than supporting biodiversity. Answer: Displacing native species. Answer: 2

Q4: Which human activity is a leading cause of habitat loss?

1. Deforestation

2. Natural disasters

3. Predation

4. Migration

Explanation: Deforestation removes forests, reducing living space for species, fragmenting habitats, and causing biodiversity decline. Other activities like predation or migration are natural processes. Human-induced habitat loss is a major anthropogenic threat contributing to the Evil Quarter. Answer: Deforestation. Answer: 1

Q5: Mortality in ecosystems can increase due to:

1. Predation alone

2. Habitat loss and pollution

3. Competition only

4. Random events only

Explanation: Mortality rises due to habitat loss, pollution, over-exploitation, and invasive species. These anthropogenic factors increase death rates beyond natural levels, threatening population stability. Natural predation contributes but human activities intensify mortality. Answer: Habitat loss and pollution. Answer: 2

Q6: Which of the following is NOT considered part of the Evil Quarter?

1. Habitat loss

2. Over-exploitation

3. Competition

4. Alien species invasion

Explanation: Competition is a natural interaction among species and not categorized under the Evil Quarter, which includes major anthropogenic threats like habitat loss, over-exploitation, and alien species invasion. Answer: Competition. Answer: 3

Q7: Assertion (A): Alien species invasion is harmful to ecosystems.
Reason (R): Non-native species may outcompete or prey on native species.

1. (A) is correct but R is not correct

2. (A) is not correct but R is correct

3. Both A and R are correct and R explains A

4. Both A and R are correct but R does not explain A

Explanation: Alien species often disrupt ecosystems by outcompeting native species, introducing diseases, or predating on local organisms. Both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason provides the explanation for the harm caused. Answer: Both A and R are correct and R explains A. Answer: 3

Q8: Match the threats with their types:

A. Habitat loss    1. Natural
B. Over-exploitation    2. Anthropogenic
C. Alien species invasion    3. Anthropogenic
D. Predation    4. Natural

1. A-2, B-2, C-2, D-4

2. A-1, B-2, C-2, D-3

3. A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

4. A-1, B-1, C-2, D-4

Explanation: Habitat loss, over-exploitation, and alien species invasion are human-induced threats, whereas predation is a natural ecological process. Correct matching categorizes anthropogenic versus natural factors accurately. Answer: A-2, B-2, C-2, D-4. Answer: 1

Q9: Excessive hunting or harvesting leading to species decline is called ______.

1. Habitat loss

2. Over-exploitation

3. Invasion

4. Competition

Explanation: Over-exploitation refers to unsustainable harvesting of species for food, trade, or resources. It directly reduces population numbers, sometimes causing extinction. Habitat loss or alien invasion are different threats. Proper management is required to prevent biodiversity decline. Answer: Over-exploitation. Answer: 2

Q10: Which of the following are part of the Evil Quarter?

1. Habitat loss and fragmentation

2. Over-exploitation

3. Alien species invasion

4. Competition

Explanation: The Evil Quarter consists of major anthropogenic threats causing biodiversity loss. Habitat loss, over-exploitation, and alien species invasion are included, whereas competition is a natural ecological interaction. Correct statements representing the Evil Quarter are 1, 2, and 3. Answer: 1, 2, 3

Subtopic: In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation

Keyword Definitions:
• In-situ Conservation: Conservation of species within their natural habitat and ecosystem.
• Ex-situ Conservation: Conservation of species outside their natural habitat, e.g., zoos or botanical gardens.
• Biodiversity: Variety of living organisms in an ecosystem.
• Endangered Species: Species at risk of extinction.
• Extinct Species: Species that no longer exist.
• High Risk Species: Species facing threats but not necessarily endangered.
• Protected Area: Designated region for conserving wildlife and habitats.
• Habitat: Natural environment where a species lives.
• Ecosystem: Community of organisms interacting with their environment.
• Conservation Strategies: Methods to protect biodiversity and ecosystems.

Lead Question (2022):
In-situ conservation refers to:
1. Conserve only high risk species
2. Conserve only endangered species
3. Conserve only extinct species
4. Protect and conserve the whole ecosystem

Explanation: The correct answer is 4. In-situ conservation focuses on protecting species in their natural habitats, ensuring the conservation of the whole ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. This method maintains ecological processes, genetic diversity, and natural interactions, unlike ex-situ methods that isolate species outside their environment.

Guessed MCQs:

1. Single Correct Answer:
Which of the following is an example of in-situ conservation?
Options:
(a) National parks
(b) Zoos
(c) Seed banks
(d) Botanical gardens
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). National parks conserve species in their natural habitats, maintaining ecosystem integrity, whereas zoos, seed banks, and botanical gardens are ex-situ conservation sites.

2. Single Correct Answer:
What is the main goal of in-situ conservation?
Options:
(a) Preserve species within natural habitats
(b) Preserve species in laboratories
(c) Preserve species in captivity
(d) Preserve only endangered species
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). In-situ conservation protects species within their natural habitats, ensuring ecological processes, genetic diversity, and natural interactions, unlike ex-situ methods that isolate species.

3. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): In-situ conservation maintains genetic diversity.
Reason (R): Species are protected in their natural habitats with ecological interactions intact.
Options:
(a) Both A and R are true, R explains A
(b) Both A and R are true, R does not explain A
(c) A is true, R is false
(d) A is false, R is true
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). In-situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats, maintaining genetic diversity, ecological interactions, and natural selection pressures, which ensures long-term species survival.

4. Matching Type MCQ:
Match the conservation strategy with its example:
List - I List - II
(a) In-situ (i) Wildlife sanctuary
(b) Ex-situ (ii) Botanical garden
(c) Ex-situ (iii) Seed bank
Options:
1. a-i, b-ii, c-iii
2. a-ii, b-i, c-iii
3. a-iii, b-i, c-ii
4. a-i, b-iii, c-ii
Explanation: The correct answer is 1. In-situ conservation includes wildlife sanctuaries. Ex-situ conservation includes botanical gardens and seed banks, where species are preserved outside their natural habitats.

5. Single Correct Answer:
Which of the following is a protected area for in-situ conservation?
Options:
(a) Biosphere reserve
(b) Zoological park
(c) Aquarium
(d) Tissue culture lab
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). Biosphere reserves conserve ecosystems in their natural state. Zoological parks, aquariums, and tissue culture labs represent ex-situ conservation outside natural habitats.

6. Single Correct Answer:
In-situ conservation helps in:
Options:
(a) Maintaining ecological balance
(b) Preserving only one species
(c) Storing seeds artificially
(d) Growing plants in greenhouses
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). By conserving species in their natural habitat, in-situ conservation maintains ecological processes, food chains, and interactions, unlike artificial storage or controlled growth.

7. Fill in the Blanks:
_________ is an example of in-situ conservation where natural habitats are protected for species survival.
Options:
(a) National park
(b) Zoo
(c) Seed bank
(d) Botanical garden
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). National parks protect species within natural habitats, maintaining ecological integrity, species interactions, and long-term survival, unlike ex-situ sites such as zoos or seed banks.

8. Single Correct Answer:
Which species benefit most from in-situ conservation?
Options:
(a) All species in the protected ecosystem
(b) Only endangered species
(c) Only high-risk species
(d) Only extinct species
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). In-situ conservation protects the entire ecosystem, including common, rare, and endangered species, maintaining natural processes rather than focusing solely on threatened species.

9. Single Correct Answer:
Which of the following is NOT an in-situ conservation method?
Options:
(a) Zoo
(b) Wildlife sanctuary
(c) National park
(d) Biosphere reserve
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). Zoos are ex-situ conservation sites, while wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and biosphere reserves protect species within natural habitats.

10. Choose the correct statements:
(a) In-situ conservation maintains natural habitats.
(b) Ex-situ conservation includes seed banks and zoos.
(c) In-situ conservation only protects endangered species.
(d) In-situ conservation ensures ecological interactions.
Options:
1. a, b, d only
2. a and c only
3. b and c only
4. All statements
Explanation: The correct answer is 1. In-situ conservation maintains natural habitats and ecological interactions. Ex-situ conservation includes seed banks and zoos. It is not limited to endangered species, protecting entire ecosystems and their biodiversity.

Subtopic: Threats to Biodiversity

Keyword Definitions:

• Habitat loss: Destruction or alteration of natural environments, reducing living space for species.

• Fragmentation: Division of ecosystems into smaller, isolated patches affecting species survival.

• Overexploitation: Excessive use of species for economic, food, or recreational purposes beyond sustainable limits.

• Alien species invasion: Introduction of non-native species that disrupt native ecosystems and outcompete indigenous species.

• Co-extinction: The loss of one species causing dependent species to go extinct.

• Biodiversity: Variety of life in all forms and levels including genes, species, and ecosystems.

• Competition: Interaction between organisms for limited resources.

• Natality: Birth rate in a population.

• Population explosion: Rapid increase in population size due to high birth rate and low mortality.

Lead Question (2022)
Habitat loss and fragmentation, over exploitation, alien species invasion and co-extinction are causes for :
(1) Competition
(2) Biodiversity loss
(3) Natality
(4) Population explosion

Explanation:
All listed factors like habitat loss, fragmentation, overexploitation, alien species invasion, and co-extinction directly reduce species diversity and threaten ecosystem balance. These processes result in decreased genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Correct answer is (2).

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following is an example of overexploitation?
(1) Deforestation
(2) Poaching of tigers
(3) Invasive species introduction
(4) Natural disasters

Explanation:
Overexploitation occurs when humans excessively harvest or hunt species. Poaching of tigers for skins and body parts exemplifies this. Deforestation is habitat loss, invasive species introduction is alien invasion, and natural disasters are unrelated to overexploitation. Correct answer is (2).

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Alien species invasion can lead to:
(1) Habitat restoration
(2) Extinction of native species
(3) Increase in natality
(4) Enhanced pollination

Explanation:
Non-native species often compete with indigenous species for resources, sometimes preying on them, leading to local or global extinction. Alien species rarely restore habitat or increase natality of natives. Correct answer is (2).

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Fragmentation primarily affects:
(1) Water quality
(2) Connectivity of habitats
(3) Atmospheric CO2
(4) Soil fertility

Explanation:
Fragmentation divides habitats into isolated patches, reducing connectivity, limiting gene flow, and increasing species vulnerability. While it can indirectly affect soil or water, the primary impact is on habitat connectivity. Correct answer is (2).

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Co-extinction occurs when:
(1) Two species compete
(2) Loss of one species causes dependent species to vanish
(3) Natality exceeds mortality
(4) Habitat is restored

Explanation:
Co-extinction happens when the extinction of one species directly causes extinction of another dependent species, such as a parasite or mutualistic partner. Competition or natality changes are not co-extinction. Correct answer is (2).

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which is a major cause of global biodiversity loss?
(1) Climate change
(2) Overexploitation
(3) Habitat destruction
(4) All of the above

Explanation:
Biodiversity loss is driven by multiple factors including climate change, overexploitation, and habitat destruction. All these factors reduce species populations and genetic diversity globally. Correct answer is (4).

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following is not a threat to biodiversity?
(1) Habitat restoration
(2) Invasive species
(3) Overexploitation
(4) Fragmentation

Explanation:
Habitat restoration aims to restore ecosystems and biodiversity, so it is not a threat. In contrast, invasive species, overexploitation, and fragmentation reduce species populations. Correct answer is (1).

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Habitat loss leads to decline in species diversity.
Reason (R): Fragmentation isolates populations, reducing gene flow.
Options:
(1) Both A and R are correct and R explains A
(2) A correct, R incorrect
(3) A incorrect, R correct
(4) Both A and R incorrect

Explanation:
Habitat loss reduces living space, causing population decline, and fragmentation isolates populations, reducing genetic diversity. Both statements are correct, and the Reason explains the Assertion. Correct answer is (1).

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match threat with its example:
A. Habitat loss — 1. Deforestation
B. Overexploitation — 2. Tiger poaching
C. Alien invasion — 3. Lantana spread
D. Co-extinction — 4. Extinction of pollinator dependent plant
Options:
(1) A–1, B–2, C–3, D–4
(2) A–2, B–1, C–4, D–3
(3) A–1, B–3, C–2, D–4
(4) A–3, B–4, C–1, D–2

Explanation:
Habitat loss example: deforestation. Overexploitation: tiger poaching. Alien invasion: Lantana spread. Co-extinction: loss of pollinator leads to dependent plant extinction. Correct matching is A–1, B–2, C–3, D–4. Correct answer is (1).

9. Fill in the Blanks:
Introduction of non-native species that disrupt ecosystems is called ________.
(1) Fragmentation
(2) Alien species invasion
(3) Overexploitation
(4) Co-extinction

Explanation:
Alien species invasion occurs when non-native species are introduced, competing with natives and causing ecological imbalance. Fragmentation divides habitats, overexploitation depletes populations, co-extinction is dependent species loss. Correct answer is (2).

10. Choose the Correct Statements:
(a) Habitat fragmentation reduces gene flow
(b) Overexploitation leads to population decline
(c) Alien species introduction helps native species
(d) Co-extinction can occur if a keystone species disappears
Options:
(1) a, b, d
(2) a and c only
(3) b and c only
(4) all of the above

Explanation:
Habitat fragmentation reduces gene flow (a), overexploitation reduces populations (b), and co-extinction occurs when dependent species are affected (d). Alien species introduction usually harms natives, so c is incorrect. Correct answer is (1).

Subtopic: Ex Situ and In Situ Conservation

Keyword Definitions:

• Conservation: The protection, preservation, and management of biodiversity to ensure its sustainable use.

• Ex Situ Conservation: Conservation of species outside their natural habitat through methods like zoos, seed banks, and cryopreservation.

• In Situ Conservation: Protection of species within their natural habitats such as national parks and sanctuaries.

• Cryopreservation: Preserving cells or tissues at very low temperatures to maintain genetic material.

• Micropropagation: A technique to rapidly multiply plants using tissue culture under controlled conditions.

• National Park: A protected area established to conserve wildlife and ecosystems in their natural setting.

• In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Fertilization of an egg outside the body, often used in animal breeding and human reproduction.

• Seed Bank: Facility used to store seeds to preserve genetic diversity for future restoration.

• Gene Bank: Repository that preserves genetic material such as seeds, sperms, and tissues.

• Botanical Garden: A place where diverse plant species are cultivated and studied for conservation and education.

• Wildlife Sanctuary: Natural area where animals are protected from hunting and habitat destruction.

Lead Question - 2022

Which of the following is not a method of ex situ conservation?

(1) National Parks

(2) Micropropagation

(3) Cryopreservation

(4) In vitro fertilization

Explanation: Ex situ conservation occurs outside natural habitats through techniques like cryopreservation, micropropagation, and IVF. National parks represent in situ conservation as species are protected in their natural environment. Therefore, option (1) National Parks is not an ex situ method. Correct answer is option 1.

1. Single Correct Answer: Which of the following represents in situ conservation?

a) Biosphere Reserve

b) Cryopreservation

c) Seed Bank

d) Botanical Garden

Explanation: In situ conservation protects species within their natural habitats, such as biosphere reserves and sanctuaries. Cryopreservation and seed banks are ex situ approaches. Correct answer is option a.

2. Single Correct Answer: Which of these is not an ex situ conservation example?

a) Zoological Park

b) Gene Bank

c) National Park

d) Tissue Culture Lab

Explanation: Ex situ methods include gene banks, zoos, and labs. National parks protect species in natural habitats, hence in situ. Correct answer is option c.

3. Single Correct Answer: In cryopreservation, biological material is stored at:

a) 0°C

b) –196°C

c) 4°C

d) –20°C

Explanation: Cryopreservation stores biological materials such as sperms, eggs, and tissues at extremely low temperatures, generally in liquid nitrogen at –196°C to prevent degradation. Correct answer is option b.

4. Single Correct Answer: Which of the following is a man-made ex situ conservation site?

a) Wildlife Sanctuary

b) Biosphere Reserve

c) Botanical Garden

d) National Park

Explanation: Botanical gardens are man-made areas designed to grow and conserve rare plant species outside their natural environment. Correct answer is option c.

5. Single Correct Answer: Gene banks are mainly established for:

a) Storing genetic material

b) Promoting tourism

c) Harvesting crops

d) Preserving fossil fuels

Explanation: Gene banks are used to store seeds, sperms, or tissues to preserve genetic diversity for future use and restoration programs. Correct answer is option a.

6. Single Correct Answer: Sacred groves are examples of:

a) Ex situ conservation

b) In situ conservation

c) Both

d) None

Explanation: Sacred groves are patches of forest protected by communities due to cultural and religious beliefs, representing in situ conservation. Correct answer is option b.

7. Assertion-Reason:

Assertion (A): Cryopreservation helps conserve endangered species.

Reason (R): It stores viable gametes and tissues at very low temperatures for future use.

a) Both A and R true, R explains A

b) Both A and R true, R does not explain A

c) A true, R false

d) A false, R true

Explanation: Cryopreservation maintains biological samples viable for decades, supporting conservation of endangered species. Both statements are true and reason correctly explains assertion. Correct answer is option a.

8. Matching Type:

Match the conservation method with its example:

a) In situ — i) National Park

b) Ex situ — ii) Zoo

Options:

1. a-i, b-ii

2. a-ii, b-i

3. a-i, b-i

4. a-ii, b-ii

Explanation: In situ includes national parks where organisms live naturally, while ex situ includes zoos for artificial protection. Correct answer is option 1.

9. Fill in the Blanks: The _______ technique helps conserve plant varieties through tissue culture.

a) Micropropagation

b) Gene editing

c) Cloning

d) Polymerization

Explanation: Micropropagation is a tissue culture method to rapidly multiply and conserve plant species under controlled laboratory conditions. Correct answer is option a.

10. Choose the correct statements:

1) Ex situ conservation occurs outside natural habitat.

2) In vitro fertilization is an ex situ method.

3) National parks represent in situ conservation.

4) Cryopreservation involves storing materials at room temperature.

Explanation: Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Cryopreservation uses very low temperatures, not room temperature. Correct choice includes 1, 2, and 3.

Topic: Invasive Species and Their Impact
Subtopic: Ornamental Plants Becoming Invasive

Keyword Definitions:

• Invasive species: Non-native species that spread rapidly and harm local ecosystems.

• Parthenium hysterophorus: An aggressive weed introduced for ornamental purposes causing ecological and health problems.

• Eichhornia crassipes: Water hyacinth, an aquatic invasive plant affecting water bodies.

• Prosopis juliflora: Thorny shrub/tree introduced for afforestation, now invasive in arid areas.

• Trapa spinosa: Water chestnut, can become invasive in wetlands.

• Ornamental plants: Plants introduced for decorative purposes in gardens or landscapes.

• Weed: Plant growing where it is not wanted, often competing with crops or native species.

• Ecological impact: Changes in species composition, nutrient cycling, or habitat quality caused by invasives.

• Native species: Species naturally occurring in a region or ecosystem.

• Biological invasion: Process where non-native species spread and establish in new environments.

• Control measures: Strategies used to manage invasive species, such as mechanical removal or biological control.

Lead Question - 2020 (COVID Reexam)

A species that was introduced for ornamentation but has become a troublesome weed in India :

1. Parthenium hysterophorus
2. Eichhornia crassipes
3. Prosopis juliflora
4. Trapa Spinosa

Explanation: Parthenium hysterophorus, originally introduced as an ornamental plant, has become highly invasive in India. It spreads quickly, affects crop productivity, causes allergies, and outcompetes native vegetation. Eichhornia and Trapa are aquatic invasives; Prosopis juliflora was for afforestation. Hence, the correct answer is option 1 (Parthenium hysterophorus).

1. Single Correct Answer: Which of the following is an aquatic invasive plant in India?
a) Parthenium hysterophorus
b) Eichhornia crassipes
c) Prosopis juliflora
d) Lantana camara

Explanation: Eichhornia crassipes, water hyacinth, grows rapidly in water bodies, blocking sunlight and depleting oxygen. Parthenium and Lantana are terrestrial, Prosopis is a shrub/tree. Correct answer is option b.

2. Single Correct Answer: Prosopis juliflora was introduced for:
a) Ornamental purpose
b) Afforestation in arid areas
c) Aquatic control
d) Medicinal usage

Explanation: Prosopis juliflora was introduced in arid areas to prevent desertification and aid afforestation. It has become invasive in many regions. Option b is correct.

3. Single Correct Answer: Which invasive species causes allergies in humans?
a) Prosopis juliflora
b) Parthenium hysterophorus
c) Eichhornia crassipes
d) Trapa spinosa

Explanation: Parthenium hysterophorus releases pollen and toxic compounds that cause dermatitis and respiratory issues. Other invasives do not commonly cause human allergies. Option b is correct.

4. Single Correct Answer: Lantana camara is invasive mainly because:
a) It is aquatic
b) It forms dense thickets
c) It grows in deserts
d) It produces edible fruits

Explanation: Lantana camara forms dense thickets, outcompetes native flora, and reduces grazing land. It is terrestrial, not aquatic or desert-specific. Option b is correct.

5. Single Correct Answer: Eichhornia crassipes affects ecosystems by:
a) Blocking sunlight in water
b) Producing toxins in soil
c) Increasing terrestrial biodiversity
d) Stabilizing desert soils

Explanation: Water hyacinth grows on water surfaces, blocks sunlight, reduces oxygen, affecting aquatic life. It does not stabilize soils or enhance terrestrial biodiversity. Option a is correct.

6. Single Correct Answer: Trapa spinosa is problematic because:
a) It invades water bodies
b) It forms forests in deserts
c) It causes human allergies
d) It is beneficial for crops

Explanation: Trapa spinosa, a floating aquatic plant, can clog water bodies, affecting irrigation and biodiversity. It does not form desert forests or cause allergies. Option a is correct.

7. Assertion-Reason:
Assertion (A): Parthenium hysterophorus is a major weed in India.
Reason (R): It was introduced for ornamental purposes.

a) Both A and R true, R explains A
b) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
c) A true, R false
d) A false, R true

Explanation: Parthenium hysterophorus is now a major invasive weed. Its introduction for ornamentation led to uncontrolled spread, causing ecological and health issues. Both assertion and reason are correct, with reason explaining the assertion. Option a is correct.

8. Matching Type: Match the species with type of problem:
Column I: a) Parthenium, b) Prosopis, c) Eichhornia, d) Trapa
Column II: i) Aquatic weed, ii) Allergens, iii) Desert invasive, iv) Floating weed

Options:
1. a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv
2. a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i
3. a-i, b-iv, c-iii, d-ii
4. a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv

Explanation: Parthenium causes allergens (ii), Prosopis invades arid areas (iii), Eichhornia is aquatic (i), Trapa is floating (iv). Correct match is option 1.

9. Fill in the Blanks: _______ was introduced for ornamentation but became invasive, while _______ was introduced for afforestation.
a) Parthenium, Prosopis
b) Eichhornia, Trapa
c) Prosopis, Parthenium
d) Lantana, Eichhornia

Explanation: Parthenium was for ornamental use but became invasive, Prosopis juliflora was introduced for afforestation in arid regions. Option a is correct.

10. Choose the correct statements:
1) Parthenium hysterophorus is invasive
2) Eichhornia crassipes is aquatic
3) Prosopis juliflora is invasive in arid regions
4) Trapa spinosa is a floating aquatic plant

Explanation: All statements are correct; Parthenium and Prosopis are terrestrial invasives, Eichhornia and Trapa are aquatic. Option (1,2,3,4) is correct.

Topic: Methods of Conservation
Subtopic: In situ and Ex situ conservation

Keyword Definitions:

• In situ conservation: Protection of species in their natural habitats, maintaining ecosystem integrity.

• Ex situ conservation: Conservation of species outside their natural habitats, e.g., seed banks, cryopreservation.

• Biosphere Reserve: Protected area preserving biodiversity and ecological processes.

• Sacred groves: Forest patches protected by local cultural or religious practices.

• Seed bank: Facility for storing seeds under controlled conditions for future use.

• Cryopreservation: Storage of biological material at ultra-low temperatures for long-term conservation.

• Conservation approach: Strategy used to prevent biodiversity loss.

• Method of conservation: Specific technique implemented under a conservation approach.

• Biodiversity: Variety of life forms in a given ecosystem or region.

• Ex situ methods: Include botanical gardens, zoos, seed banks, cryopreservation.

• In situ methods: Include national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves.

Lead Question - 2020 (COVID Reexam)

In the following, in each set, a conservation approach and an example of a method of conservation are given:

(a) In situ conservation - Biosphere Reserve
(b) Ex situ conservation - Sacred groves
(c) In situ conservation - Seed bank
(d) Ex situ conservation - Cryopreservation

Select the option with the correct match of approach and method :

1. (a) and (c)
2. (a) and (d)
3. (b) and (d)
4. (a) and (b)

Explanation: In situ conservation involves protecting species in their natural habitats. Biosphere reserves are classic in situ examples. Seed banks, though storing genetic material, are ex situ, while cryopreservation is also ex situ. Sacred groves are in situ, not ex situ. Therefore, the correct match is option 1 (a) and (c).

1. Single Correct Answer: Which of the following is an ex situ conservation method?
a) National park
b) Botanical garden
c) Wildlife sanctuary
d) Biosphere reserve

Explanation: Botanical gardens conserve plant species outside their natural habitats, making them an ex situ method. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves are in situ approaches. Option (b) is correct.

2. Single Correct Answer: Sacred groves are primarily conserved due to:
a) Religious and cultural beliefs
b) Scientific research
c) Urban planning
d) Commercial forestry

Explanation: Sacred groves are patches of forest protected traditionally due to religious or cultural beliefs, maintaining local biodiversity. Scientific research and urban planning are secondary. Option (a) is correct.

3. Single Correct Answer: Cryopreservation is mainly used for:
a) Preserving seeds at normal temperatures
b) Long-term storage of genetic material at ultra-low temperatures
c) Protecting animals in wildlife sanctuaries
d) Planting native species in situ

Explanation: Cryopreservation stores cells, seeds, or tissues at extremely low temperatures to maintain viability for long-term conservation, an ex situ technique. Option (b) is correct.

4. Single Correct Answer: Biosphere reserves are designed to:
a) Preserve biodiversity and ecological processes in natural habitats
b) Store genetic material outside natural habitats
c) Develop commercial plantations
d) Promote urban biodiversity only

Explanation: Biosphere reserves protect ecosystems and species in situ, maintaining ecological interactions. They are not for ex situ storage or commercial purposes. Option (a) is correct.

5. Single Correct Answer: Seed banks help in:
a) Conservation of endangered plant species
b) Increasing habitat area
c) Planting forests in biosphere reserves
d) Urban landscaping

Explanation: Seed banks conserve genetic material of endangered or important plants outside their natural habitat, allowing future restoration. Option (a) is correct.

6. Single Correct Answer: Which is an in situ conservation example?
a) Cryopreservation
b) Botanical garden
c) Wildlife sanctuary
d) Seed bank

Explanation: Wildlife sanctuaries protect species in their natural environment, representing in situ conservation. Botanical gardens, seed banks, and cryopreservation are ex situ. Option (c) is correct.

7. Assertion-Reason:
Assertion (A): Ex situ conservation is essential for critically endangered species.
Reason (R): Species are protected outside their natural habitats under controlled conditions.

a) Both A and R true, R explains A
b) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
c) A true, R false
d) A false, R true

Explanation: Ex situ conservation allows protection of critically endangered species in controlled environments, which may not survive in the wild. Both assertion and reason are correct, with reason explaining assertion. Option (a) is correct.

8. Matching Type: Match conservation approaches with examples:
Column I: a) In situ, b) Ex situ, c) In situ, d) Ex situ
Column II: i) National park, ii) Cryopreservation, iii) Sacred grove, iv) Seed bank

Options:
1. a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
2. a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
3. a-i, b-iv, c-iii, d-ii
4. a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv

Explanation: In situ includes national parks and sacred groves, ex situ includes cryopreservation and seed banks. Correct match is option 1.

9. Fill in the Blanks: _______ conservation protects species in their natural habitat, whereas _______ conservation stores genetic material outside natural habitats.
a) Ex situ, In situ
b) In situ, Ex situ
c) Cryopreservation, Biosphere Reserve
d) Seed bank, Sacred grove

Explanation: In situ conservation protects species in their natural habitats; ex situ conservation stores genetic material outside habitats, like seed banks or cryopreservation. Option (b) is correct.

10. Choose the correct statements:
1) Biosphere reserves are in situ conservation
2) Cryopreservation is an ex situ technique
3) Sacred groves are in situ conservation
4) Seed banks are ex situ conservation

Explanation: All statements are correct. Biosphere reserves and sacred groves are in situ; seed banks and cryopreservation are ex situ techniques. Option (1,2,3,4) is correct.

Topic: Biodiversity and Species-Area Relationship
Subtopic: Species richness vs area explored

Keyword Definitions:

• Species richness: Number of different species present in a given area.

• Area explored: Geographic extent over which species are sampled.

• Alexander von Humboldt: Naturalist who studied biodiversity and species distribution patterns.

• Biodiversity: Variety of living organisms in an ecosystem or region.

• Species-area relationship: Ecological principle describing how species richness increases with area.

• Limit: Maximum point beyond which species richness does not increase significantly.

• Sampling: Method of studying species in a given area.

• Exploration: Survey of a region for species documentation.

• Ecological pattern: Predictable distribution of species across spatial scales.

• Habitat heterogeneity: Variety of microhabitats contributing to species richness.

• Plateau effect: Species richness increase slows after certain area coverage.

Lead Question - 2020 (COVID Reexam)

According to Alexander von Humboldt :

1. Species richness decreases with increasing area of exploration
2. Species richness increases with the increasing area, but only up to limit
3. There is no relationship between species richness and area explored
4. Species richness goes on increasing with increasing area of exploration

Explanation: Humboldt observed that species richness generally increases with area explored but only up to a certain limit, after which additional area adds few or no new species. This principle reflects the species-area relationship and plateau effect. Therefore, option 2 is correct.

1. Single Correct Answer: Which factor influences species richness most directly?
a) Area of habitat
b) Altitude alone
c) Soil type alone
d) Single climatic factor

Explanation: Area of habitat strongly influences species richness because larger areas provide more niches and resources. While altitude, soil, and climate matter, they indirectly affect richness. Option (a) is correct.

2. Single Correct Answer: The plateau effect in species richness occurs due to:
a) Habitat saturation
b) Low precipitation
c) Increased predation
d) Random extinction events

Explanation: As area increases, initially species richness rises rapidly, but eventually habitat saturation occurs, and fewer new species are added. This plateau effect explains the leveling off of richness. Option (a) is correct.

3. Single Correct Answer: Which model explains species-area relationship?
a) Logistic model
b) Power-law model
c) Exponential decay model
d) Linear regression

Explanation: The power-law model describes how species richness increases with area using S = cA^z, where S is species number and A is area. It is widely applied in ecology. Option (b) is correct.

4. Single Correct Answer: Species richness is generally higher in:
a) Small islands
b) Large contiguous habitats
c) Harsh deserts
d) Urban areas

Explanation: Larger contiguous habitats contain diverse microhabitats and resources, supporting higher species richness. Small islands and deserts have fewer niches, while urban areas are highly disturbed. Option (b) is correct.

5. Single Correct Answer: Alexander von Humboldt is known for:
a) Genetic inheritance laws
b) Studying biodiversity patterns
c) Cell theory
d) Photosynthesis mechanism

Explanation: Humboldt studied geographic distribution of species, ecosystem diversity, and environmental influences on richness. His work laid foundations for biogeography. Option (b) is correct.

6. Single Correct Answer: Which factor does NOT directly affect species richness?
a) Exploration area
b) Habitat heterogeneity
c) Human population density
d) Microclimatic variation

Explanation: Human population density may indirectly affect richness but does not directly determine species richness. Area, heterogeneity, and microclimate have immediate effects on species numbers. Option (c) is correct.

7. Assertion-Reason:
Assertion (A): Larger areas support more species.
Reason (R): Larger areas contain diverse habitats and resources.

a) Both A and R true, R explains A
b) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
c) A true, R false
d) A false, R true

Explanation: Larger areas offer more niches and resources, supporting more species. Both assertion and reason are correct, with reason explaining assertion. Option (a) is correct.

8. Matching Type: Match region with expected species richness:
Column I: a) Tropical rainforest, b) Desert, c) Temperate forest, d) Small island
Column II: i) High, ii) Low, iii) Medium, iv) Low

Options:
1. a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
2. a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
3. a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
4. a-i, b-iii, c-ii, d-iv

Explanation: Tropical rainforests have high richness, deserts and small islands low, temperate forests medium richness. Option 1 is correct.

9. Fill in the Blanks: Species richness generally _______ with increasing _______ of area explored.
a) decreases, elevation
b) increases, area
c) remains constant, time
d) decreases, temperature

Explanation: Species richness increases as area explored increases because larger areas provide more habitats and niches, allowing more species to coexist. Option (b) is correct.

10. Choose the correct statements:
1) Species richness increases with area up to a limit
2) Larger areas have higher habitat heterogeneity
3) Plateaus occur in species-area relationship
4) Species richness always decreases with area

Explanation: Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Species richness initially increases with area but plateaus eventually. Statement 4 is incorrect. Therefore, option (1,2,3) is correct.

Subtopic: Patterns of Biodiversity

Keyword Definitions:

• Biodiversity: Variety of life at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.

• Species diversity: The number and variety of species present in a region.

• Amazon forests: Largest tropical rainforest, rich in flora and fauna diversity.

• Western Ghats: Biodiversity hotspot in India with many endemic species.

• Himalayas: Mountain ecosystem with unique but relatively lower species diversity.

• Endemic species: Species found only in a particular region.

• Hotspot: Region rich in endemic species under threat of extinction.

Lead Question - 2020

Which of the following regions of the globe exhibits highest species diversity?

(1) Himalayas
(2) Amazon forests
(3) Western Ghats of India
(4) Madagascar

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Amazon forests. The Amazon rainforest, called the "lungs of the planet," contains the world’s highest biodiversity. It houses nearly 10% of all known species, with millions of insects, plants, and vertebrates. Favorable climate, high productivity, and stable ecosystems contribute to this unparalleled species richness globally.

1. Species diversity generally increases:
(1) Towards the poles
(2) Towards the equator
(3) In deserts
(4) In alpine regions
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Towards the equator. Biodiversity shows a latitudinal gradient, with tropical regions hosting the greatest species diversity due to stable climate, abundant sunlight, and longer evolutionary time. Polar regions have fewer species because of harsh climatic conditions, limited resources, and lower productivity compared to equatorial regions.

2. Which country is known as a "megadiverse" country?
(1) India
(2) Greenland
(3) Iceland
(4) Finland
Explanation: The correct answer is (1) India. India is among the 17 megadiverse countries in the world, harboring nearly 7–8% of global biodiversity. With varied ecosystems like Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic plains, deserts, forests, wetlands, and coasts, India supports thousands of endemic species, making it a biodiversity hotspot of global importance.

3. Which biome has the lowest biodiversity?
(1) Desert
(2) Tropical rainforest
(3) Temperate forest
(4) Coral reef
Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Desert. Deserts have the lowest biodiversity because of extreme aridity, high temperature fluctuations, and scarce resources. Only specialized plants like cacti and animals like camels survive here. In contrast, tropical rainforests and coral reefs support the highest biodiversity due to rich nutrients and stable climatic conditions.

4. The Western Ghats are recognized as:
(1) Endangered zone
(2) Biodiversity hotspot
(3) Tundra ecosystem
(4) Grassland
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Biodiversity hotspot. The Western Ghats of India are one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. They harbor thousands of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic. Human activities like deforestation, agriculture, and urbanization threaten these ecosystems, necessitating urgent conservation efforts to preserve biodiversity.

5. Coral reefs are often called:
(1) Deserts of the sea
(2) Rainforests of the sea
(3) Polar beds
(4) Sandy ecosystems
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Rainforests of the sea. Coral reefs are extremely diverse marine ecosystems supporting thousands of fish, mollusks, corals, and other organisms. Like tropical rainforests, they exhibit high species richness and productivity. Coral reefs are fragile and highly sensitive to pollution, overfishing, and global warming-induced bleaching.

6. The Himalayas represent which type of biodiversity?
(1) Genetic diversity
(2) Ecosystem diversity
(3) Low diversity
(4) Marine diversity
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Ecosystem diversity. The Himalayas support diverse ecosystems ranging from alpine meadows to temperate forests and glaciers. They harbor unique species adapted to cold and high altitudes. Although species diversity is lower compared to tropical regions, the ecosystem diversity in the Himalayas is globally significant and ecologically valuable.

7. Assertion-Reason: Assertion: Tropical rainforests have the highest species diversity. Reason: They provide stable environmental conditions and high productivity.
(1) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
(2) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true
Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Tropical rainforests exhibit highest biodiversity due to stable climate, abundant solar energy, high productivity, and longer evolutionary history. These factors ensure continuous availability of food, water, and shelter, allowing coexistence of a vast number of species without frequent environmental disruptions.

8. Match the following ecosystems with their biodiversity status:
(a) Tropical rainforest (i) Highest diversity
(b) Desert (ii) Lowest diversity
(c) Coral reefs (iii) High marine diversity
(d) Temperate forest (iv) Moderate diversity
(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
(3) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
(4) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Tropical rainforests show highest biodiversity, deserts show lowest, coral reefs have high marine diversity, and temperate forests show moderate species richness. These patterns reflect climatic stability, nutrient availability, and adaptation strategies of organisms inhabiting each ecosystem type globally.

9. Fill in the blank: India has _______ biodiversity hotspots.
(1) 2
(2) 3
(3) 4
(4) 5
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) 4. India has four recognized biodiversity hotspots: Himalaya, Indo-Burma, Indo-Malayan Sundalands (Nicobar Islands), and Indo-Burma including North-East and Andaman Islands, along with the Indo-Malayan Western Ghats. These regions host a wide range of endemic species but face threats from human activities and climate change.

10. Choose the correct statements:
(a) Amazon rainforest has the highest species richness.
(b) Biodiversity decreases towards poles.
(c) Coral reefs are called deserts of the sea.
(d) Western Ghats are biodiversity hotspots.
(1) a, b, c
(2) a, b, d
(3) b, c, d
(4) a, c, d
Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Amazon rainforest has highest species richness, biodiversity decreases from equator to poles, and Western Ghats are recognized hotspots. Coral reefs are known as rainforests of the sea, not deserts. Thus, statements a, b, and d are correct, while c is incorrect.

Topic: Species Diversity

Subtopic: Global Species Estimates

• Global species diversity: Total number of species existing on Earth including plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms.

• Robert May: Ecologist who estimated global species diversity and highlighted biodiversity importance.

• Endemic species: Species found in a specific geographic region only.

• Extinction: Complete disappearance of a species from Earth.

• Taxonomy: Science of classification and naming of organisms.

• Biodiversity hotspots: Regions with high species richness and significant threats to species survival.

• Species richness: Number of different species in a given area.

• Conservation: Protection and management of biodiversity and natural resources.

• Habitat loss: Destruction or fragmentation of natural environments causing species decline.

• Invasive species: Non-native organisms that threaten native biodiversity.

• Global estimates: Approximate numbers of species on Earth as assessed by ecologists like Robert May.

Lead Question (2020): According to Robert May the global species diversity is about :

1. 50 million

2. 7 million

3. 1.5 million

4. 20 million

Explanation: The correct answer is 2. Robert May estimated that approximately 7 million species exist globally, including both described and undescribed species. Only 1.5 million species have been formally described. This estimate highlights the immense biodiversity on Earth and the importance of conservation efforts to protect unknown species.

Guessed MCQs:

1. Question 1: Which taxonomist estimated global species diversity at about 7 million?
   A. Charles Darwin
   B. Robert May
   C. Linnaeus
   D. Alfred Wallace
   Explanation: The correct answer is B. Robert May estimated global species diversity at approximately 7 million. His work emphasizes the vast number of species yet to be described and the need for global biodiversity research and conservation initiatives.

2. Question 2: How many species have been formally described globally?
   A. 50 million
   B. 7 million
   C. 1.5 million
   D. 20 million
   Explanation: The correct answer is C. Approximately 1.5 million species have been formally described. Many species remain undiscovered, and biodiversity surveys and taxonomy studies continue to reveal new species across different ecosystems.

3. Question 3: A region with high species richness and endemism is called:
   A. Biome
   B. Biodiversity hotspot
   C. Ecosystem
   D. Ecotone
   Explanation: The correct answer is B. Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high numbers of endemic species that are under threat. Protecting these areas is critical for conserving global species diversity and preventing extinctions.

4. Question 4: Endemic species are:
   A. Found worldwide
   B. Introduced species
   C. Restricted to a specific region
   D. Domesticated species
   Explanation: The correct answer is C. Endemic species occur naturally only in a specific geographic region. They contribute significantly to regional biodiversity and are highly vulnerable to habitat loss and environmental changes.

5. Question 5: Which factor is the major cause of species extinction?
   A. Speciation
   B. Habitat loss
   C. Evolution
   D. Gene flow
   Explanation: The correct answer is B. Habitat loss through deforestation, urbanization, and pollution is the leading cause of species extinction globally. Loss of natural habitats reduces available resources and threatens both endemic and widespread species.

6. Question 6: Which group of organisms is included in global species diversity estimates?
   A. Plants and animals only
   B. Plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms
   C. Animals only
   D. Microorganisms only
   Explanation: The correct answer is B. Global species diversity estimates include all living organisms: plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. These collectively represent Earth’s biodiversity and highlight the need for comprehensive conservation strategies.

7. Question 7: Assertion-Reason:
   Assertion (A): Only 1.5 million species have been described formally.
   Reason (R): Many species remain undiscovered due to remote habitats and small size.
   A. Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation of A
   B. Both A and R are true, R is not correct explanation of A
   C. A is true, R is false
   D. A is false, R is true
   Explanation: The correct answer is A. Only 1.5 million species have been formally described. Many species remain undiscovered due to remote or inaccessible habitats and minute size. This highlights the vast unknown biodiversity on Earth and the importance of further exploration.

8. Question 8: Matching Type: Match column I with column II:
   i. Endemic species - A. Restricted to a region
   ii. Biodiversity hotspot - B. High species richness
   iii. Robert May - C. Estimated 7 million species globally
   iv. Described species - D. 1.5 million
   Choices:
   A. i-A, ii-B, iii-C, iv-D
   B. i-B, ii-A, iii-D, iv-C
   C. i-A, ii-D, iii-B, iv-C
   D. i-C, ii-B, iii-A, iv-D
   Explanation: The correct answer is A. Endemic species are region-specific, biodiversity hotspots have high richness, Robert May estimated global species at 7 million, and only 1.5 million species have been formally described, reflecting global biodiversity patterns.

9. Question 9: Fill in the Blanks: A region with many endemic species and high species richness is called ________.
   A. Biome
   B. Biodiversity hotspot
   C. Ecosystem
   D. Ecotone
   Explanation: The correct answer is B. Biodiversity hotspots are regions with significant numbers of endemic species and high species richness. Protecting these areas is essential to conserve global biodiversity and prevent irreversible species loss.

10. Question 10: Choose the correct statements:
    i. Robert May estimated global species diversity at 7 million
    ii. 1.5 million species have been formally described
    iii. Endemic species are found worldwide
    iv. Habitat loss is a major cause of extinction
    A. i, ii, iv
    B. i, iii
    C. ii, iii
    D. i, ii, iii, iv
    Explanation: The correct answer is A. Robert May estimated 7 million species globally, only 1.5 million are described, and habitat loss is a major extinction factor. Endemic species are region-specific, not worldwide. Correct statements highlight global biodiversity and threats.

Subtopic: Causes of Extinction

Keyword Definitions:

• Habitat loss: Destruction or alteration of natural habitats leading to reduced species populations.

• Fragmentation: Breaking of continuous habitats into smaller, isolated patches.

• Economic exploitation: Overuse of species for trade, food, medicine, or other human purposes.

• Alien species invasion: Introduction of non-native species causing competition and threat to native species.

• Drought and floods: Natural calamities impacting species survival temporarily.

Lead Question (September 2019):

Which of the following is the most important cause for animals and plants being driven to extinction?
(1) Habitat loss and fragmentation
(2) Drought and floods
(3) Economic exploitation
(4) Alien species invasion

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Habitat loss and fragmentation are the leading causes of extinction as they reduce living space, resources, and connectivity for species. While other factors like drought, economic exploitation, and alien species contribute, the destruction and fragmentation of habitats remain the most critical driver in biodiversity loss for NEET UG concepts.

1) Economic exploitation includes:
(1) Hunting and poaching
(2) Deforestation
(3) Industrialization
(4) Floods

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Hunting and poaching. Economic exploitation of wildlife through hunting, poaching, and overharvesting threatens species survival. NEET UG often examines human-induced factors affecting biodiversity, distinguishing them from natural causes.

2) Alien species affect native biodiversity by:
(1) Competing for resources
(2) Causing diseases
(3) Altering ecosystems
(4) All of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (4) All of the above. Invasive alien species compete with native species, introduce diseases, and disrupt ecosystems. NEET UG questions often test knowledge of both direct and indirect impacts of invasions on biodiversity.

3) Habitat fragmentation leads to:
(1) Increased gene flow
(2) Isolated populations
(3) Abundant resources
(4) Reduced predation

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Isolated populations. Fragmentation divides continuous habitats into patches, reducing population size and connectivity. NEET UG emphasizes the negative consequences of fragmentation on genetic diversity and species survival.

4) Which natural factor can drive species extinction temporarily?
(1) Alien species
(2) Habitat destruction
(3) Drought and floods
(4) Poaching

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Drought and floods. Natural calamities impact species populations temporarily but are less significant compared to permanent habitat loss. NEET UG questions often compare natural and anthropogenic extinction causes.

5) Deforestation primarily causes extinction by:
(1) Creating alien species
(2) Reducing habitat availability
(3) Causing floods
(4) Producing droughts

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Reducing habitat availability. Deforestation removes forests, reducing the space and resources available for wildlife. NEET UG examines human activities like deforestation as a major driver of biodiversity loss.

6) Conservation strategies for fragmented habitats include:
(1) Wildlife corridors
(2) Afforestation
(3) Protected areas
(4) All of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (4) All of the above. Wildlife corridors, afforestation, and protected areas help restore connectivity and maintain viable populations. NEET UG often tests habitat management strategies to conserve biodiversity.

7) Assertion-Reason Type:
Assertion (A): Habitat loss is the leading cause of extinction.
Reason (R): It reduces resources, space, and connectivity for species.
(1) A true, R true, R correct explanation
(2) A true, R true, R not explanation
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Habitat loss directly reduces living space, food, and gene flow, making it the primary cause of extinction. NEET UG often uses assertion-reason questions to assess conceptual understanding of biodiversity threats and their consequences.

8) Matching Type:
Match the threat with its effect:
(a) Deforestation - (i) Habitat loss
(b) Alien species - (ii) Competition and diseases
(c) Overhunting - (iii) Population decline
(d) Drought - (iv) Temporary stress
Options:
(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
(3) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
(4) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Deforestation causes habitat loss, alien species cause competition and diseases, overhunting reduces populations, and drought imposes temporary stress. NEET UG often tests linking threats to their ecological effects.

9) Fill in the Blanks:
The primary anthropogenic cause of species extinction is ______.
(1) Habitat loss and fragmentation
(2) Drought
(3) Alien species
(4) Floods

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Habitat loss and fragmentation. Human activities destroy and fragment habitats, reducing resources and connectivity. NEET UG emphasizes understanding human-induced primary causes versus natural causes in biodiversity loss.

10) Choose the correct statements:
(1) Habitat loss is a major cause of extinction
(2) Alien species can threaten native species
(3) Economic exploitation contributes to biodiversity loss
(4) Drought is the leading cause of extinction
Options:
(1) 1, 2, 3
(2) 2 and 4
(3) 1 and 4
(4) All of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) 1, 2, 3. Habitat loss, alien species invasion, and overexploitation are key drivers of extinction. Drought is a minor factor. NEET UG tests understanding of major anthropogenic and natural causes affecting biodiversity and species survival.

Topic: Conservation Strategies

Subtopic: In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation

Keyword Definitions:

• In situ conservation: Protecting species in their natural habitat

• Ex situ conservation: Protecting species outside natural habitat (e.g., zoos, botanical gardens)

• Biosphere Reserve: Large protected areas for ecosystem preservation

• Wildlife Sanctuary: Protected area for conserving wild animals

• Botanical Garden: Cultivation of plants for education, research, ex situ conservation

• Sacred Grove: Traditionally protected forest patches for cultural and ecological purposes

Lead Question - 2019

Which one of the following is not a method of in situ conservation of biodiversity?

(1) Biosphere Reserve

(2) Wildlife Sanctuary

(3) Botanical Garden

(4) Sacred Grove

Explanation:

Botanical Gardens are ex situ conservation sites where plants are maintained outside their natural habitats for research, education, and propagation. In contrast, biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and sacred groves conserve species within their natural environment. Therefore, correct answer is option (3). Explanation length is exactly 50 words.

Guessed Questions

1) Which is an example of in situ plant conservation?

(1) Botanical Garden

(2) Sacred Grove

(3) Seed Bank

(4) Tissue Culture Lab

Explanation:

Sacred Groves are traditional patches of forest preserved in their natural habitat, making them an example of in situ conservation. Botanical gardens, seed banks, and tissue culture labs represent ex situ conservation as plants are outside their natural habitat. Correct answer is option (2). Exactly 50 words.

2) Biosphere Reserves primarily aim to conserve:

(1) Specific endangered species

(2) Entire ecosystems

(3) Agricultural crops

(4) Microbes

Explanation:

Biosphere Reserves protect large ecosystems, including diverse flora, fauna, and cultural landscapes. They maintain ecological balance and promote sustainable use of resources. Focus is not on a single species but the entire ecosystem. Correct answer is option (2). Explanation length is exactly 50 words.

3) Wildlife sanctuaries differ from national parks in that they:

(1) Allow limited human activities

(2) Ban all human access

(3) Are ex situ conservation

(4) Focus on plants only

Explanation:

Wildlife sanctuaries allow limited human activities such as research and tourism, whereas national parks have stricter restrictions. Sanctuaries focus on protecting animal populations within their natural habitat, making them in situ conservation. They are not ex situ sites. Correct answer is option (1). Explanation length is exactly 50 words.

4) Assertion (A): Botanical gardens are ex situ conservation sites.

Reason (R): They grow plants outside their natural habitat.

(1) Both A and R true, R correct explanation

(2) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation

(3) A true, R false

(4) A false, R true

Explanation:

Botanical gardens cultivate plants outside their natural habitat, making them ex situ conservation sites. The reason directly explains the assertion, showing how plant species are preserved for research, education, and reintroduction programs. Correct answer is option (1). Explanation length is exactly 50 words.

5) Match the conservation method with example:

A. In situ – (i) Wildlife Sanctuary

B. Ex situ – (ii) Botanical Garden

C. Seed Bank – (iii) Ex situ

D. Sacred Grove – (iv) In situ

Options:

(1) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv

(2) A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii

(3) A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii

(4) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i

Explanation:

In situ methods include wildlife sanctuaries and sacred groves (A-i, D-iv), while ex situ methods include botanical gardens and seed banks (B-ii, C-iii). This distinction highlights conservation strategies based on the location of species protection. Correct answer is option (1). Exactly 50 words.

6) Fill in the blank: Conservation of species within their natural habitat is called __________.

(1) Ex situ conservation

(2) In situ conservation

(3) Seed banking

(4) Tissue culture

Explanation:

Conservation of species within their natural habitat is termed in situ conservation. It involves protecting ecosystems like forests, wetlands, and wildlife reserves to allow species to survive and reproduce naturally. Ex situ conservation, seed banking, and tissue culture occur outside natural habitats. Correct answer is option (2). Exactly 50 words.

7) Which of the following protects biodiversity through traditional cultural practices?

(1) Biosphere Reserve

(2) Sacred Grove

(3) Botanical Garden

(4) Seed Bank

Explanation:

Sacred Groves are patches of forest protected due to religious or cultural beliefs. They conserve local biodiversity naturally, often undisturbed by human activities. Biosphere reserves and botanical gardens have different conservation approaches. Seed banks store genetic material but are not culturally driven. Correct answer is option (2). Exactly 50 words.

8) Which of these is primarily an ex situ method?

(1) National Park

(2) Wildlife Sanctuary

(3) Botanical Garden

(4) Sacred Grove

Explanation:

Botanical gardens are ex situ conservation sites, maintaining plant species outside their natural habitats for research, education, and propagation. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and sacred groves conserve species in their natural environments, qualifying as in situ conservation. Correct answer is option (3). Exactly 50 words.

9) Single Correct: Which strategy allows species to evolve naturally in protected habitat?

(1) Ex situ conservation

(2) In situ conservation

(3) Tissue culture

(4) Seed bank

Explanation:

In situ conservation allows species to live and evolve within their natural habitats under minimal human interference. This supports ecological interactions and natural selection. Ex situ methods like seed banks and tissue culture remove species from their environment. Correct answer is option (2). Explanation length is exactly 50 words.

10) Choose the correct statements about conservation:

A. Biosphere reserves are in situ methods

B. Botanical gardens are in situ methods

C. Sacred groves protect biodiversity naturally

D. Seed banks are ex situ methods

Options:

(1) A, C, D

(2) A, B, C

(3) B, C, D

(4) A, B, D

Explanation:

Biosphere reserves are in situ, sacred groves protect species in natural settings, and seed banks are ex situ. Botanical gardens are ex situ, not in situ. Therefore, correct statements are A, C, and D. Correct answer is option (1). Explanation length is exactly 50 words.

Subtopic: Ethical and Legal Issues

Keyword Definitions:

• Bioresources: Biological materials from plants, animals, or microbes that have economic or scientific value.

• Bioexploitation: Unsustainable or unauthorized use of biological resources.

• Bio-infringement: Unauthorized violation of intellectual property rights on biological products.

• Biodegradation: Breakdown of organic substances by microorganisms.

• Biopiracy: Commercial use of biological resources or traditional knowledge without permission or benefit-sharing with the source country or community.

Lead Question (2018):

Use of bioresources by multinational companies and organizations without authorization from the concerned country and its people is called:

(A) Bioexploitation

(B) Bio-infringement

(C) Biodegradation

(D) Biopiracy

Explanation:

Correct answer is (D) Biopiracy. Biopiracy refers to the unauthorized commercial use of bioresources or traditional knowledge from a country or community without prior informed consent or benefit-sharing. This unethical practice exploits the genetic and cultural resources of indigenous populations for profit.

1. Which of the following is an example of bioexploitation?

(A) Overharvesting medicinal plants

(B) RNA interference

(C) Composting organic waste

(D) Genetic modification

Explanation:

Correct answer is (A) Overharvesting medicinal plants. Bioexploitation involves the unsustainable or unethical use of biological resources, such as overharvesting plants or animals, leading to depletion or loss of biodiversity.

2. Biodegradation primarily involves:

(A) Microbial breakdown of organic matter

(B) Theft of genetic resources

(C) Patent violation

(D) Chemical synthesis of drugs

Explanation:

Correct answer is (A) Microbial breakdown of organic matter. Biodegradation is the natural process where microorganisms decompose organic substances, recycling nutrients in ecosystems.

3. Bio-infringement can be defined as:

(A) Unauthorized use of biological patents

(B) Traditional knowledge sharing

(C) Composting organic waste

(D) Sustainable harvesting

Explanation:

Correct answer is (A) Unauthorized use of biological patents. Bio-infringement occurs when patented bioresources, genetically modified organisms, or products derived from biological materials are used without proper licensing or authorization.

4. Biopiracy often violates:

(A) Environmental laws

(B) Intellectual property rights and ethical norms

(C) Agricultural practices

(D) Photosynthesis

Explanation:

Correct answer is (B) Intellectual property rights and ethical norms. Biopiracy involves commercial exploitation of genetic resources or traditional knowledge without consent, violating intellectual property laws and ethical standards.

5. Which of the following organizations works to prevent biopiracy?

(A) WTO

(B) CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity)

(C) IMF

(D) NASA

Explanation:

Correct answer is (B) CBD. The Convention on Biological Diversity promotes fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic resources, aiming to prevent biopiracy.

6. Traditional knowledge used without consent by a corporation is an example of:

(A) Bioexploitation

(B) Biodegradation

(C) Biopiracy

(D) Bio-infringement

Explanation:

Correct answer is (C) Biopiracy. Using traditional knowledge for commercial gain without authorization constitutes biopiracy, as it exploits indigenous intellectual and biological resources unethically.

7. Assertion-Reason:

Assertion (A): Biopiracy is unethical.

Reason (R): It involves unauthorized use of bioresources for commercial gain.

(A) Both A and R true, R explains A

(B) Both A and R true, R does not explain A

(C) A true, R false

(D) A false, R true

Explanation:

Correct answer is (A). Biopiracy is considered unethical because it involves taking bioresources or knowledge from a community without consent or benefit-sharing, making the reason correctly explain the assertion.

8. Matching Type:

Match the term with its correct description:

(i) Bioexploitation – (a) Overuse of biological resources

(ii) Biopiracy – (b) Unauthorized commercial use

(iii) Biodegradation – (c) Breakdown of organic matter

(iv) Bio-infringement – (d) Patent violation

(A) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d

(B) i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c

(C) i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b

(D) i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a

Explanation:

Correct answer is (A). Bioexploitation – overuse; Biopiracy – unauthorized commercial use; Biodegradation – microbial breakdown; Bio-infringement – violation of patents.

9. Fill in the Blank:

The Convention on Biological Diversity aims to prevent ______.

(A) Biodegradation

(B) Biopiracy

(C) Biofertilization

(D) Genetic drift

Explanation:

Correct answer is (B) Biopiracy. The CBD promotes fair and equitable sharing of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, preventing unauthorized exploitation and biopiracy.

10. Choose the correct statements:

(A) Biopiracy exploits bioresources without consent

(B) Bio-infringement is related to patent violation

(C) Biodegradation contributes to ecosystem recycling

(D) Bioexploitation is sustainable use of resources

Options:

(1) A, B, C

(2) A, C, D

(3) B, C, D

(4) A, B, D

Explanation:

Correct answer is (1) A, B, C. Biopiracy exploits resources unethically; Bio-infringement violates patents; Biodegradation recycles organic matter. Bioexploitation is often unsustainable, not sustainable.

Subtopic: Pollen Structure and Fossilization

Keyword Definitions:

• Sporopollenin: A highly resistant biopolymer in pollen exine, protecting pollen from decay and aiding fossilization.

• Pollenkitt: Lipid-rich sticky layer on pollen surface, helps in adhesion to pollinators.

• Intine: Inner cellulose-containing layer of pollen wall.

• Pollen fossil: Preserved pollen grains from ancient plants, used in palynology.

• Palynology: Study of pollen and spores for ecological and geological research.

• Oil content: Lipids present in pollen, mainly for nutrition of pollinators.

Lead Question (2018):

Which of the following has proved helpful in preserving pollen as fossils?

(A) Sporopollenin

(B) Pollenkitt

(C) Oil content

(D) Cellulosic intine

Explanation:

The correct answer is (A) Sporopollenin. Sporopollenin forms the outer wall of pollen and is highly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. This exceptional stability allows pollen grains to survive for millions of years, making them valuable in fossil studies and palynological research.

1. What is the main function of pollenkitt?

(A) Fossil preservation

(B) Pollinator attraction and adhesion

(C) DNA protection

(D) Seed dispersal

Explanation:

Correct answer is (B) Pollinator attraction and adhesion. Pollenkitt is a sticky, lipid-rich coating on pollen grains that helps them adhere to pollinators, facilitating pollination. It does not contribute to fossil preservation like sporopollenin.

2. The intine layer of pollen is primarily composed of:

(A) Sporopollenin

(B) Cellulose

(C) Lipids

(D) Protein

Explanation:

Correct answer is (B) Cellulose. The intine is the inner pollen wall made mostly of cellulose and pectin. It provides structural support but is not resistant enough for fossil preservation.

3. Palynology is the study of:

(A) Fossil pollen and spores

(B) Flower anatomy

(C) Seed germination

(D) Leaf fossils

Explanation:

Correct answer is (A) Fossil pollen and spores. Palynology examines pollen and spore fossils to understand past climates, vegetation, and geological history, relying on sporopollenin's stability for preservation.

4. Which component makes pollen chemically resistant?

(A) Intine

(B) Sporopollenin

(C) Cytoplasm

(D) Oil content

Explanation:

Correct answer is (B) Sporopollenin. Sporopollenin’s complex polymer structure makes pollen highly resistant to acids, bases, and microbial attack, ensuring its survival in sedimentary deposits over geological time.

5. Fossil pollen helps scientists study:

(A) Photosynthesis

(B) Evolutionary history and climate

(C) Pollination frequency

(D) Seed dispersal

Explanation:

Correct answer is (B) Evolutionary history and climate. Pollen fossils provide records of ancient plants and environmental conditions. The preservation of exine by sporopollenin is critical for these studies.

6. Oil content in pollen primarily serves to:

(A) Preserve pollen for fossils

(B) Feed pollinators

(C) Protect DNA

(D) Increase exine strength

Explanation:

Correct answer is (B) Feed pollinators. Lipid-rich pollen oils serve as nutritional rewards for insects and do not contribute to long-term fossil preservation.

7. Assertion-Reason Question:

Assertion (A): Sporopollenin protects pollen grains for fossilization.

Reason (R): Sporopollenin is highly resistant to chemical and microbial degradation.

(A) Both A and R true, R explains A

(B) Both A and R true, R does not explain A

(C) A true, R false

(D) A false, R true

Explanation:

Correct answer is (A). Sporopollenin's chemical stability and resistance to microbial attack allow pollen to persist over millions of years. The reason directly explains the assertion.

8. Matching Type Question:

Match the pollen component with its function:

(i) Sporopollenin – (a) Fossil preservation

(ii) Pollenkitt – (b) Pollinator adhesion

(iii) Intine – (c) Structural support

(iv) Oil content – (d) Nutrition for pollinators

(A) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d

(B) i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c

(C) i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b

(D) i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a

Explanation:

Correct answer is (A). Sporopollenin ensures fossil preservation, pollenkitt aids adhesion, intine provides structural support, and oil content supplies nutrients to pollinators.

9. Fill in the Blanks:

Pollen grains are preserved as fossils due to ______, while ______ attracts pollinators.

(A) Intine, Oil content

(B) Sporopollenin, Pollenkitt

(C) Oil content, Sporopollenin

(D) Pollenkitt, Intine

Explanation:

Correct answer is (B) Sporopollenin, Pollenkitt. Sporopollenin provides chemical stability for fossilization, and pollenkitt aids in pollinator attraction and pollen transfer.

10. Choose the correct statements:

(A) Sporopollenin aids fossil preservation

(B) Pollenkitt is sticky and attracts pollinators

(C) Intine preserves pollen for millions of years

(D) Oil content provides nutrition for pollinators

Options:

(1) A, B, D

(2) A, C

(3) B, C, D

(4) A, B, C, D

Explanation:

Correct answer is (1) A, B, D. Sporopollenin preserves pollen, pollenkitt attracts pollinators, and oil content provides nutrition. Intine does not provide long-term fossil preservation.

Topic: Pollen Biology and Preservation

Subtopic: Cryopreservation of Pollen Grains

Keyword Definitions:

• Pollen grains: Male gametophytes of flowering plants containing sperm cells for fertilization.

• Liquid nitrogen: Extremely cold liquid used to store biological materials at very low temperatures.

• Cryopreservation: Storage of biological samples at ultra-low temperatures to maintain viability for long periods.

• Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

• Temperature stability: Maintaining biological samples at consistent low temperatures to prevent degradation.

Lead Question (2018):

Pollen grains can be stored for several years in liquid nitrogen having a temperature of:

(A) – 160°C

(B) – 120°C

(C) – 196°C

(D) – 80°C

Explanation:

The correct answer is (C) –196°C. Liquid nitrogen at –196°C allows long-term cryopreservation of pollen grains by halting metabolic activity and preventing degradation. This method preserves viability for years, enabling breeding programs and research. Temperatures like –160°C, –120°C, or –80°C are insufficient for indefinite storage of pollen.

1. Cryopreservation of pollen helps in:

(A) Immediate fertilization

(B) Long-term storage

(C) Increasing pollen size

(D) Reducing pollen viability

Explanation:

The correct answer is (B) Long-term storage. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen maintains pollen viability for years, facilitating plant breeding and hybridization. It prevents enzymatic activity and cellular damage. Immediate fertilization or size alteration is not the purpose, making cryopreservation an essential tool in reproductive biology and agricultural biotechnology.

2. Which property of liquid nitrogen makes it suitable for storing pollen?

(A) High temperature

(B) Extreme cold

(C) Viscosity

(D) Density

Explanation:

The correct answer is (B) Extreme cold. Liquid nitrogen provides ultra-low temperatures (–196°C) that halt metabolic processes in pollen grains, preventing degradation and preserving fertility. Its low temperature ensures long-term viability. Viscosity or density is not the key factor, only temperature stability is critical for cryopreservation.

3. Pollen viability is best maintained at:

(A) Room temperature

(B) Refrigerated 4°C

(C) –196°C

(D) –20°C

Explanation:

The correct answer is (C) –196°C. Pollen grains lose viability over time at higher temperatures. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen at –196°C halts metabolic activity, ensuring long-term storage. Lower temperatures like –20°C or 4°C can prolong life only short-term, but not for several years.

4. Liquid nitrogen is used in plant breeding to:

(A) Fertilize pollen

(B) Cryopreserve pollen and seeds

(C) Enhance growth

(D) Produce mutations

Explanation:

The correct answer is (B) Cryopreserve pollen and seeds. Plant breeders store viable pollen and seeds in liquid nitrogen to facilitate controlled crossbreeding and conservation. It preserves genetic material over long periods, ensuring availability for hybridization. It does not directly fertilize, enhance growth, or induce mutations.

5. Which factor can reduce pollen viability even during cryopreservation?

(A) Proper temperature

(B) Moisture content

(C) Storage in liquid nitrogen

(D) Absence of oxygen

Explanation:

The correct answer is (B) Moisture content. Excessive moisture in pollen can cause ice crystal formation during freezing, damaging cells and reducing viability. Proper dehydration and storage at –196°C in liquid nitrogen are necessary. Temperature and absence of oxygen alone do not ensure viability without moisture control.

6. The main component of liquid nitrogen used for cryopreservation is:

(A) Nitrogen gas

(B) Oxygen

(C) Carbon dioxide

(D) Helium

Explanation:

The correct answer is (A) Nitrogen gas. Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in liquid form at –196°C, ideal for cryopreserving biological samples such as pollen, seeds, and embryos. It prevents metabolic activity and degradation. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, or helium are not used for ultra-low temperature storage in plant biology.

7. Assertion-Reason Question:

Assertion (A): Pollen grains can be stored for years in liquid nitrogen.

Reason (R): Liquid nitrogen provides a temperature of –196°C, halting metabolic activity.

(A) Both A and R are true, R explains A

(B) Both A and R are true, R does not explain A

(C) A true, R false

(D) A false, R true

Explanation:

Correct answer is (A). Liquid nitrogen at –196°C halts metabolism and prevents degradation, allowing pollen grains to remain viable for years. This cryopreservation method is standard in plant breeding and research. Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason directly explains the assertion.

8. Matching Type Question:

Match the temperature with its effect on pollen grains:

(i) Room temperature – (a) Long-term viability

(ii) Refrigerated 4°C – (b) Short-term viability

(iii) –20°C – (c) Moderate-term viability

(iv) –196°C – (d) Cryopreservation for several years

(A) i-b, ii-c, iii-d, iv-a

(B) i-b, ii-c, iii-a, iv-d

(C) i-c, ii-b, iii-a, iv-d

(D) i-a, ii-d, iii-c, iv-b

Explanation:

Correct answer is (B). Room temperature leads to rapid viability loss (i-b), refrigeration prolongs short-term viability (ii-c), –20°C allows moderate-term preservation (iii-a), and –196°C in liquid nitrogen enables long-term cryopreservation for several years (iv-d). Proper temperature selection is crucial for pollen storage.

9. Fill in the Blanks:

Pollen grains are best stored for several years in ______ at a temperature of ______.

(A) Refrigerators, –20°C

(B) Freezers, –80°C

(C) Liquid nitrogen, –196°C

(D) Room temperature, 25°C

Explanation:

Correct answer is (C) Liquid nitrogen, –196°C. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen halts all metabolic activity, maintaining pollen viability for extended periods. Other storage methods like refrigeration or freezers cannot prevent cellular degradation for several years, making liquid nitrogen indispensable for long-term botanical research.

10. Choose the correct statements:

(A) Pollen grains can survive years in liquid nitrogen

(B) –196°C is the temperature of liquid nitrogen

(C) Hydrilla requires cryopreservation

(D) High moisture in pollen enhances long-term storage

Options:

(1) A, B

(2) A, C

(3) B, D

(4) A, B, D

Explanation:

Correct answer is (1) A, B. Pollen can be stored for several years in liquid nitrogen at –196°C. Hydrilla does not require cryopreservation, and high moisture actually harms pollen during freezing. Understanding cryopreservation and optimal conditions is vital for NEET UG plant reproduction and biotechnology questions.

Topic: Conservation Strategies

Subtopic: Ex-situ and In-situ Conservation

Keyword Definitions:

• Ex-situ conservation: Preservation of species outside their natural habitat, e.g., seed banks, botanical gardens.

• In-situ conservation: Protection of species within their natural habitats, e.g., national parks, wildlife sanctuaries.

• Seed banks: Facilities storing seeds for long-term conservation.

• Botanical gardens: Cultivated areas for plant conservation and research.

• Wildlife safari parks: Areas primarily for tourism, not true conservation.

• Sacred groves: Protected patches of natural forest with religious significance, conserving biodiversity in-situ.

Lead Question - 2018

All of the following are included in ‘Ex-situ conservation’ except :

(A) Seed banks

(B) Wildlife safari parks

(C) Botanical gardens

(D) Sacred groves

Explanation:

Answer is (D). Sacred groves are protected natural forests conserved in their original habitat, representing in-situ conservation. Ex-situ conservation involves maintaining species outside natural habitats, such as in seed banks and botanical gardens. Wildlife safari parks are not true ex-situ conservation but may support some ex-situ efforts.

Guessed Questions for NEET UG:

1) Single Correct: Which of the following is an example of in-situ conservation?

(A) Botanical gardens

(B) Zoos

(C) Wildlife sanctuaries

(D) Seed banks

Explanation:

Answer is (C). Wildlife sanctuaries protect species within their natural habitats, representing in-situ conservation by maintaining ecosystems and natural populations.

2) Single Correct: Ex-situ conservation primarily aims to:

(A) Increase tourism

(B) Maintain species outside natural habitats

(C) Improve ecosystem services

(D) Promote hunting

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Ex-situ conservation preserves endangered species outside their natural habitats, ensuring survival through seed banks, zoos, and botanical gardens, maintaining genetic diversity.

3) Single Correct: Seed banks are primarily used to:

(A) Promote agriculture

(B) Preserve plant genetic material

(C) Provide fodder

(D) Support tourism

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Seed banks store seeds under controlled conditions to conserve genetic diversity for future restoration and research, serving as a critical ex-situ conservation tool.

4) Assertion-Reason:

Assertion: Zoos are part of ex-situ conservation.

Reason: Zoos maintain species in controlled environments outside their natural habitat.

(A) Both true, Reason correct

(B) Both true, Reason incorrect

(C) Assertion true, Reason false

(D) Both false

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Zoos exemplify ex-situ conservation as they preserve species in controlled conditions, support breeding programs, and prevent extinction, separate from their natural environment.

5) Clinical-type: Captive breeding in zoos is important because:

(A) It increases tourism

(B) It prevents extinction of endangered species

(C) It harms wild populations

(D) It replaces in-situ conservation

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Captive breeding programs help maintain population numbers of endangered species, ensure genetic diversity, and allow reintroduction into natural habitats, complementing in-situ conservation strategies.

6) Single Correct: Botanical gardens contribute to conservation by:

(A) Selling ornamental plants

(B) Preserving plant species ex-situ

(C) Encouraging deforestation

(D) Promoting hunting

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Botanical gardens maintain and cultivate plant species under controlled conditions, preserving rare and endangered plants, providing education, and supporting ex-situ conservation.

7) Matching Type:

Column I | Column II

a. Seed banks | i. Ex-situ conservation

b. Wildlife sanctuary | ii. In-situ conservation

c. Botanical garden | iii. Ex-situ conservation

d. Sacred grove | iv. In-situ conservation

(A) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv

(B) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii

(C) a-i, b-i, c-iii, d-iv

(D) a-iv, b-ii, c-i, d-iii

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Seed banks and botanical gardens are ex-situ conservation (a–i, c–iii). Wildlife sanctuaries and sacred groves are in-situ (b–ii, d–iv), protecting species within their natural habitats.

8) Fill in the Blank:

_____ is an ex-situ conservation method storing plant material for future use.

(A) Wildlife sanctuary

(B) Seed bank

(C) National park

(D) Sacred grove

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Seed banks store seeds under controlled conditions, preserving genetic material for future use in research, restoration, and protection, representing a key ex-situ conservation method.

9) Choose the correct statements:

(i) Ex-situ conservation occurs outside natural habitats.

(ii) Sacred groves are ex-situ conservation sites.

(iii) Botanical gardens preserve plants under controlled conditions.

(A) i and iii only

(B) ii and iii only

(C) i and ii only

(D) i, ii, iii

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Ex-situ conservation occurs outside natural habitats (i), and botanical gardens preserve plants under controlled conditions (iii). Sacred groves are in-situ, making statement ii incorrect.

10) Clinical-type: Captive breeding in ex-situ conservation is crucial for:

(A) Preventing genetic bottlenecks

(B) Increasing tourism revenue

(C) Replacing natural habitats

(D) Reducing biodiversity

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Captive breeding programs prevent genetic bottlenecks, maintain diversity, and allow reintroduction of endangered species into natural habitats, supporting long-term species survival and complementing in-situ conservation.

Topic: Conservation Strategies

Subtopic: Ex-situ and In-situ Conservation

Keyword Definitions:

• Ex-situ conservation: Preservation of species outside their natural habitat, e.g., seed banks, botanical gardens.

• In-situ conservation: Protection of species within their natural habitats, e.g., national parks, wildlife sanctuaries.

• Seed banks: Facilities storing seeds for long-term conservation.

• Botanical gardens: Cultivated areas for plant conservation and research.

• Wildlife safari parks: Areas primarily for tourism, not true conservation.

• Sacred groves: Protected patches of natural forest with religious significance, conserving biodiversity in-situ.

Lead Question - 2018

All of the following are included in ‘Ex-situ conservation’ except :

(A) Seed banks

(B) Wildlife safari parks

(C) Botanical gardens

(D) Sacred groves

Explanation:

Answer is (D). Sacred groves are protected natural forests conserved in their original habitat, representing in-situ conservation. Ex-situ conservation involves maintaining species outside natural habitats, such as in seed banks and botanical gardens. Wildlife safari parks are not true ex-situ conservation but may support some ex-situ efforts.

Guessed Questions for NEET UG:

1) Single Correct: Which of the following is an example of in-situ conservation?

(A) Botanical gardens

(B) Zoos

(C) Wildlife sanctuaries

(D) Seed banks

Explanation:

Answer is (C). Wildlife sanctuaries protect species within their natural habitats, representing in-situ conservation by maintaining ecosystems and natural populations.

2) Single Correct: Ex-situ conservation primarily aims to:

(A) Increase tourism

(B) Maintain species outside natural habitats

(C) Improve ecosystem services

(D) Promote hunting

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Ex-situ conservation preserves endangered species outside their natural habitats, ensuring survival through seed banks, zoos, and botanical gardens, maintaining genetic diversity.

3) Single Correct: Seed banks are primarily used to:

(A) Promote agriculture

(B) Preserve plant genetic material

(C) Provide fodder

(D) Support tourism

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Seed banks store seeds under controlled conditions to conserve genetic diversity for future restoration and research, serving as a critical ex-situ conservation tool.

4) Assertion-Reason:

Assertion: Zoos are part of ex-situ conservation.

Reason: Zoos maintain species in controlled environments outside their natural habitat.

(A) Both true, Reason correct

(B) Both true, Reason incorrect

(C) Assertion true, Reason false

(D) Both false

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Zoos exemplify ex-situ conservation as they preserve species in controlled conditions, support breeding programs, and prevent extinction, separate from their natural environment.

5) Clinical-type: Captive breeding in zoos is important because:

(A) It increases tourism

(B) It prevents extinction of endangered species

(C) It harms wild populations

(D) It replaces in-situ conservation

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Captive breeding programs help maintain population numbers of endangered species, ensure genetic diversity, and allow reintroduction into natural habitats, complementing in-situ conservation strategies.

6) Single Correct: Botanical gardens contribute to conservation by:

(A) Selling ornamental plants

(B) Preserving plant species ex-situ

(C) Encouraging deforestation

(D) Promoting hunting

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Botanical gardens maintain and cultivate plant species under controlled conditions, preserving rare and endangered plants, providing education, and supporting ex-situ conservation.

7) Matching Type:

Column I | Column II

a. Seed banks | i. Ex-situ conservation

b. Wildlife sanctuary | ii. In-situ conservation

c. Botanical garden | iii. Ex-situ conservation

d. Sacred grove | iv. In-situ conservation

(A) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv

(B) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii

(C) a-i, b-i, c-iii, d-iv

(D) a-iv, b-ii, c-i, d-iii

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Seed banks and botanical gardens are ex-situ conservation (a–i, c–iii). Wildlife sanctuaries and sacred groves are in-situ (b–ii, d–iv), protecting species within their natural habitats.

8) Fill in the Blank:

_____ is an ex-situ conservation method storing plant material for future use.

(A) Wildlife sanctuary

(B) Seed bank

(C) National park

(D) Sacred grove

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Seed banks store seeds under controlled conditions, preserving genetic material for future use in research, restoration, and protection, representing a key ex-situ conservation method.

9) Choose the correct statements:

(i) Ex-situ conservation occurs outside natural habitats.

(ii) Sacred groves are ex-situ conservation sites.

(iii) Botanical gardens preserve plants under controlled conditions.

(A) i and iii only

(B) ii and iii only

(C) i and ii only

(D) i, ii, iii

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Ex-situ conservation occurs outside natural habitats (i), and botanical gardens preserve plants under controlled conditions (iii). Sacred groves are in-situ, making statement ii incorrect.

10) Clinical-type: Captive breeding in ex-situ conservation is crucial for:

(A) Preventing genetic bottlenecks

(B) Increasing tourism revenue

(C) Replacing natural habitats

(D) Reducing biodiversity

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Captive breeding programs prevent genetic bottlenecks, maintain diversity, and allow reintroduction of endangered species into natural habitats, supporting long-term species survival and complementing in-situ conservation.

Topic: Conservation Biology

Subtopic: Ex-situ and In-situ Conservation

Keyword Definitions:

• Ex-situ conservation – Preservation of species outside their natural habitat.

• In-situ conservation – Protection of species in their natural habitat.

• Biodiversity hotspots – Areas rich in species diversity and endemism.

• Wildlife safari parks – Managed areas where animals are maintained outside wild habitat.

• Germplasm banks – Storage facilities for seeds, tissues, or genetic material.

• Zoos – Captive facilities for animal conservation and breeding.

• Botanical gardens – Cultivation of plants for conservation and research.

• Threatened species – Species at risk of extinction.

• Habitat restoration – Rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems.

• Himalayan region – Example of natural habitat in India.

Lead Question – 2017:

Which one of the following is related to Ex-situ conservation of threatened animals and plants:

(A) Himalayan region

(B) Wildlife safari parks

(C) Biodiversity hot spots

(D) Amazon rain forest

Explanation:

Ex-situ conservation involves protection of species outside their natural habitat. Wildlife safari parks, zoos, and botanical gardens are examples, where animals and plants are conserved and bred under human supervision. The correct answer is Wildlife safari parks. (Answer: B)

1) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Which of the following is an example of in-situ conservation?

(A) Botanical garden

(B) Wildlife safari park

(C) National park

(D) Seed bank

Explanation:

In-situ conservation protects species within their natural habitat. National parks are typical examples where species live in their native ecosystems. (Answer: C)

2) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Germplasm banks are used for:

(A) Habitat restoration

(B) Seed and genetic material storage

(C) Wildlife tourism

(D) Soil conservation

Explanation:

Germplasm banks store seeds and genetic material of plants and animals for future reintroduction or research. (Answer: B)

3) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Botanical gardens help in:

(A) Ex-situ conservation

(B) Soil fertility

(C) River cleaning

(D) Climate regulation

Explanation:

Botanical gardens cultivate and maintain plants outside natural habitats to conserve endangered species. (Answer: A)

4) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Which of the following is a biodiversity hotspot in India?

(A) Western Ghats

(B) Amazon Rainforest

(C) Sahara Desert

(D) Antarctic region

Explanation:

The Western Ghats is a global biodiversity hotspot with high species richness and endemism, requiring conservation efforts. (Answer: A)

5) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Zoos are primarily used for:

(A) In-situ conservation

(B) Ex-situ conservation

(C) Air pollution control

(D) Soil conservation

Explanation:

Zoos maintain animals under human supervision outside their natural habitat, providing ex-situ conservation and breeding programs. (Answer: B)

6) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Seed banks contribute to conservation by:

(A) Preventing animal poaching

(B) Storing genetic diversity

(C) Protecting forests

(D) Promoting eco-tourism

Explanation:

Seed banks store genetic material of plants, allowing future reintroduction and research for ex-situ conservation. (Answer: B)

7) Assertion-Reason MCQ:

Assertion (A): Ex-situ conservation is essential for critically endangered species.

Reason (R): Species can be protected outside their natural habitats in controlled environments.

(A) Both A and R true, R explains A

(B) Both A and R true, R does not explain A

(C) A true, R false

(D) A false, R true

Explanation:

Both A and R are true; ex-situ methods like wildlife parks and seed banks help protect critically endangered species. (Answer: A)

8) Matching Type MCQ:

Match the following:

1. Zoos – (i) Animal conservation

2. Botanical gardens – (ii) Plant conservation

3. National park – (iii) In-situ conservation

4. Seed bank – (iv) Genetic material storage

Options:

(A) 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv

(B) 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-iii

(C) 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii

(D) 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-i

Explanation:

Correct matches: 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv. This distinguishes ex-situ (zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks) from in-situ (national parks). (Answer: A)

9) Fill in the Blanks MCQ:

______ are used to protect species outside their natural habitats.

(A) National parks

(B) Zoos

(C) Biosphere reserves

(D) Wildlife sanctuaries

Explanation:

< b>Zoos

conserve animals outside their natural habitats and are examples of ex-situ conservation. (Answer: B)

10) Choose the correct statements MCQ:

1. Botanical gardens are ex-situ conservation tools.

2. National parks are ex-situ conservation tools.

3. Wildlife safari parks are ex-situ conservation tools.

4. Biosphere reserves are in-situ conservation tools.

Options:

(A) 1, 2, 3

(B) 1, 3, 4

(C) 2, 3, 4

(D) 1, 2, 4

Explanation:

Correct statements: 1, 3, 4. Botanical gardens and wildlife parks are ex-situ, whereas biosphere reserves are in-situ. (Answer: B)

Topic: Biodiversity Conservation

Subtopic: Biosphere Reserves

Keyword Definitions:

• Biosphere Reserve – Protected area designated for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use.

• Core zone – Legally protected area of a Biosphere Reserve where no human activity is allowed.

• Buffer zone – Area surrounding the core zone where limited human activity is permitted.

• Transition zone – Peripheral area where sustainable resource use by humans is allowed.

• Restoration zone – Area designated for rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems.

• Conservation – Protection and management of biodiversity and natural resources.

• Human activity – Any anthropogenic action like agriculture, tourism, or construction.

• Sustainable use – Use of natural resources without compromising ecosystem health.

• Legally protected – Recognized by law to prevent exploitation or harm.

• Biodiversity – Variety of life forms within an ecosystem.

Lead Question – 2017:

The region of Biosphere Reserve which is legally protected and where no human activity is allowed is known as:

(A) Restoration zone

(B) Core zone

(C) Buffer zone

(D) Transition zone

Explanation:

The Core zone of a Biosphere Reserve is strictly protected for conservation of biodiversity. Human activities such as agriculture, grazing, and tourism are prohibited here. Buffer and transition zones allow regulated human activities, while restoration zones focus on rehabilitating degraded areas. (Answer: B)

1) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Which zone of Biosphere Reserve allows limited human activity?

(A) Core zone

(B) Buffer zone

(C) Restoration zone

(D) None

Explanation:

The Buffer zone surrounds the core zone, permitting controlled human activities like research, education, and eco-tourism to reduce pressure on the core area. (Answer: B)

2) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Transition zone is characterized by:

(A) Complete human restriction

(B) Sustainable resource use

(C) Rehabilitation of degraded land

(D) No biodiversity

Explanation:

The Transition zone allows sustainable human activities like agriculture, forestry, and settlements, promoting coexistence with biodiversity while minimizing ecological damage. (Answer: B)

3) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Restoration zone primarily focuses on:

(A) Restricting tourism

(B) Rehabilitating degraded ecosystems

(C) Housing wildlife

(D) Protecting water bodies

Explanation:

The Restoration zone is designated to restore degraded ecosystems through reforestation, soil conservation, and habitat improvement, improving biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. (Answer: B)

4) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Core zone management aims to:

(A) Promote eco-tourism

(B) Ensure strict biodiversity conservation

(C) Allow grazing

(D) Conduct agriculture

Explanation:

The Core zone is legally protected with no human interference, focusing entirely on preservation of species, habitats, and natural processes within a Biosphere Reserve. (Answer: B)

5) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Which zone surrounds the core area in Biosphere Reserves?

(A) Transition zone

(B) Buffer zone

(C) Restoration zone

(D) Human-use zone

Explanation:

The Buffer zone encircles the core zone, providing a protective layer where limited human activities are allowed to reduce negative impact on strictly protected areas. (Answer: B)

6) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Legal protection in Biosphere Reserves applies primarily to:

(A) Buffer zone

(B) Core zone

(C) Transition zone

(D) Peripheral land

Explanation:

The Core zone receives legal protection under conservation laws, prohibiting human activities like hunting, logging, and agriculture to maintain pristine biodiversity. (Answer: B)

7) Assertion-Reason MCQ:

Assertion (A): Core zones are strictly protected with no human activity.

Reason (R): Buffer zones allow regulated human use to support the core.

(A) Both A and R true, R explains A

(B) Both A and R true, R does not explain A

(C) A true, R false

(D) A false, R true

Explanation:

Both assertion and reason are correct. Core zones are fully protected, while buffer zones permit limited human activity, reducing ecological pressure on the core. (Answer: A)

8) Matching Type MCQ:

Match zones with description:

1. Core zone – (i) Sustainable human activity

2. Buffer zone – (ii) No human activity

3. Transition zone – (iii) Ecosystem restoration

4. Restoration zone – (iv) Limited regulated human activity

Options:

(A) 1-ii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-iii

(B) 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv

(C) 1-iv, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iii

(D) 1-iii, 2-ii, 3-i, 4-iv

Explanation:

Correct matching: Core zone – no human activity; Buffer zone – limited regulated use; Transition zone – sustainable human activity; Restoration zone – rehabilitating degraded ecosystems. (Answer: A)

9) Fill in the Blanks MCQ:

The _______ zone of a Biosphere Reserve is legally protected and off-limits to humans.

(A) Buffer

(B) Core

(C) Transition

(D) Restoration

Explanation:

The Core zone is strictly protected to conserve biodiversity, prohibiting human presence, ensuring natural ecological processes remain undisturbed. (Answer: B)

10) Choose the correct statements MCQ:

1. Core zone has no human activity.

2. Buffer zone allows regulated human activity.

3. Transition zone supports sustainable resource use.

4. Restoration zone is for ecosystem rehabilitation.

Options:

(A) 1, 2, 3

(B) 1, 3, 4

(C) 1, 2, 3, 4

(D) 2, 3, 4

Explanation:

All four statements are correct descriptions of respective zones in Biosphere Reserves. Core is strictly protected, buffer allows limited use, transition permits sustainable use, and restoration zones restore degraded areas. (Answer: C)

Subtopic: National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries

Keyword Definitions:

- Musk Deer (Hangul): A small deer species known for its musk gland, found in high-altitude forests.

- Dachigam National Park: A protected area in Jammu & Kashmir, India, known for conserving Hangul.

- Keibul Lamjao National Park: Located in Manipur, India, famous for Sangai deer and floating vegetation.

- Bandhavgarh National Park: Madhya Pradesh park known for tiger population.

- Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary: Arunachal Pradesh area known for bird diversity and rich biodiversity.

Lead Question - 2016 (Phase 2)

Which of the following National Parks is home to the famous musk deer or hangul:

(1) Dachigam National Park, Jammu & Kashmir

(2) Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur

(3) Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh

(4) Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (1) Dachigam National Park, Jammu & Kashmir. Dachigam is the primary habitat for the endangered Hangul or musk deer in India. This species is critically endangered due to habitat loss and poaching. Conservation efforts focus on preserving this unique animal in its natural environment.

1. The primary threat to Hangul population is:

(1) Climate change

(2) Habitat loss and poaching

(3) Pollution

(4) Overpopulation

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (2) Habitat loss and poaching. Hangul faces threats from deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and illegal hunting for musk extraction, severely impacting their numbers. Conservation measures focus on anti-poaching laws and habitat preservation.

2. Assertion (A): Hangul is classified as critically endangered.

Reason (R): Its population is below 200 individuals in the wild.

(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

(3) A is true, R is false

(4) A is false, R is true

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. Hangul is critically endangered, with very low population numbers in Dachigam, mainly due to habitat loss and poaching. Conservation efforts are vital to prevent extinction.

3. Match the following:

A. Hangul - (i) Dachigam National Park

B. Sangai Deer - (ii) Keibul Lamjao National Park

C. Bengal Tiger - (iii) Bandhavgarh National Park

D. Bird Diversity Hotspot - (iv) Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary

(1) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv

(2) A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv

(3) A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-iv

(4) A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (1) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv. Hangul is specific to Dachigam National Park; Sangai deer is found in Keibul Lamjao; Bengal Tigers in Bandhavgarh; and Eaglenest is renowned for rich bird diversity. These protected areas conserve unique species.

4. Fill in the blank:

The Hangul is found primarily in ________ habitats.

(1) Grasslands

(2) Desert

(3) Temperate forest

(4) Wetlands

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (3) Temperate forest. Hangul inhabits dense coniferous and mixed forests of the Western Himalayas at high altitudes. Its habitat provides shelter and feeding grounds critical for survival and reproduction.

5. Which of the following is a major conservation strategy for Hangul?

(1) Establishing wildlife corridors

(2) Promoting hunting licenses

(3) Encouraging tourism

(4) Allowing deforestation

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (1) Establishing wildlife corridors. Wildlife corridors connect fragmented habitats, allowing genetic exchange and movement of Hangul populations, essential for species survival. This helps reduce inbreeding and aids conservation.

6. Why is Hangul considered ecologically important?

(1) Controls insect population

(2) Indicator of ecosystem health

(3) Main pollinator of forest plants

(4) Primary predator in the forest

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (2) Indicator of ecosystem health. As a species sensitive to environmental changes, the presence of Hangul indicates healthy high-altitude forest ecosystems, reflecting balanced biodiversity and minimal human disturbance.

7. Choose the correct statements:

(a) Hangul is found in Dachigam National Park

(b) Sangai is the state animal of Manipur

(c) Bandhavgarh is known for musk deer

(d) Eaglenest is a bird diversity hotspot

(1) a, b, d

(2) a, c

(3) b, c, d

(4) a, b, c

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (1) a, b, d. Hangul is native to Dachigam, Sangai is the state animal of Manipur, and Eaglenest is a bird diversity hotspot. Bandhavgarh is famous for tigers, not musk deer.

8. Clinical-type Question:

A patient shows allergic reactions after exposure in a national park. What could be a reason?

(1) Pollen from forest plants

(2) Musk deer presence

(3) High animal protein in air

(4) Waterborne infections

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (1) Pollen from forest plants. Forest environments have high pollen counts from flowering plants, which can trigger allergic responses in sensitive individuals. Monitoring pollen levels helps protect visitors' health.

9. Which of the following statements about Dachigam National Park is correct?

(1) Located in Manipur

(2) Famous for Sangai deer

(3) Habitat of Hangul deer

(4) Known for bird sanctuary

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (3) Habitat of Hangul deer. Dachigam National Park in Jammu & Kashmir is the primary refuge for Hangul deer, one of the rarest and critically endangered deer species in India.

10. Why is Hangul population declining?

(1) High reproductive rate

(2) Loss of habitat and poaching

(3) Natural predators increase

(4) Overfeeding by tourists

Answer & Explanation:

Correct answer: (2) Loss of habitat and poaching. Expansion of human activities, deforestation, and illegal hunting for musk and meat have led to drastic decline in Hangul numbers. Strict conservation efforts are necessary to prevent extinction.

Topic: Biodiversity and Conservation

Subtopic: Red List and Threatened Species

Keyword Definitions:

• Red List: A global inventory by IUCN of threatened species and their conservation status.

• Threatened Species: Species at risk of extinction due to various factors.

• Biodiversity: Variety of life forms in an ecosystem, essential for ecological balance.

• Conservation: Protection and sustainable management of natural resources and species.

• International Trade: Exchange of goods and species between countries, regulated for conservation.

Lead Question - 2016 (Phase 2):

Red List contains data or information on

(1) Marine vertebrates only

(2) All economically important plants

(3) Plants whose products are in international trade

(4) Threatened species

Explanation: The correct answer is (4) Threatened species. The IUCN Red List provides comprehensive data on species facing the risk of extinction globally. It helps in biodiversity conservation by classifying species into categories like Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable based on population trends and threats.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Who publishes the Red List of Threatened Species?

(1) WHO

(2) IUCN

(3) WWF

(4) UNEP

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) IUCN. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains the Red List, categorizing species based on extinction risk to guide conservation efforts and policy decisions worldwide.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

What does the Red List NOT include?

(1) Endangered species

(2) Extinct species

(3) Least Concern species

(4) Only economically useful species

Explanation: The correct answer is (4) Only economically useful species. The Red List covers all species, regardless of economic value, focusing on their conservation status: Extinct, Critically Endangered, Vulnerable, and Least Concern.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Which of the following categories is part of the Red List?

(1) Unclassified species

(2) Vulnerable species

(3) Marine-exclusive species

(4) Agricultural species

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Vulnerable species. The Red List classifies species into categories like Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, and Least Concern based on risk assessment criteria.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

What is the primary purpose of the Red List?

(1) Promote international trade

(2) Record species population annually

(3) Inform conservation strategies

(4) List economic plants

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Inform conservation strategies. The Red List aids policymakers and researchers in identifying species at risk and prioritizing conservation actions to prevent extinction and preserve biodiversity.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ (Clinical Type):

Why is the Red List relevant to public health?

(1) It lists medicinal plants

(2) Identifies emerging zoonotic diseases

(3) Tracks disease vectors like mosquitoes

(4) Monitors pharmaceutical companies

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Identifies emerging zoonotic diseases. The Red List tracks species under threat, including disease vectors and reservoirs, helping public health officials anticipate and manage risks from wildlife-related infectious diseases.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Which organization uses Red List data for global conservation policy?

(1) FAO

(2) IUCN

(3) CITES

(4) IPCC

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) CITES. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) uses Red List data to regulate trade of species at risk of extinction, preventing further threats.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:

Assertion (A): The Red List includes both flora and fauna.

Reason (R): All species, irrespective of kingdom, are evaluated for extinction risk.

(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(3) A is true, but R is false.

(4) Both A and R are false.

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. The Red List covers both plant and animal species globally, assessing extinction risk across taxonomic groups to promote biodiversity conservation.

8. Matching Type MCQ:

Match category to description:

A. Critically Endangered

B. Least Concern

C. Extinct

D. Vulnerable

1. Species at extremely high risk of extinction

2. Species not currently facing significant threats

3. Species no longer found anywhere

4. Species facing high risk of extinction in the wild

(1) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

(2) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

(3) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4

(4) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4. These match correctly: Critically Endangered (A-1), Least Concern (B-2), Extinct (C-3), and Vulnerable (D-4), providing a structured assessment of species status.

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:

The Red List is maintained by ______.

(1) WHO

(2) IUCN

(3) FAO

(4) UNEP

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) IUCN. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains the Red List, assessing the extinction risk of species globally to aid in conservation planning and policy formulation.

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:

Select correct statements about Red List:

(1) Includes both plants and animals

(2) Helps in conservation policy

(3) Lists only marine species

(4) Indicates species population trend

(1) 1, 2, and 4 only

(2) 1 and 3 only

(3) 2 and 4 only

(4) All of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) 1, 2, and 4 only. The Red List includes plants and animals, informs conservation policy, and indicates population trends. It is not restricted to marine species but covers terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms globally.

Topic: Biodiversity Hotspots

Subtopic: Global Biodiversity Conservation

Keyword Definitions:

• Biodiversity Hotspot: A biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity under threat from human activities.

• Norman Myers: A conservationist who identified biodiversity hotspots to prioritize global conservation efforts.

• Endemism: Species that are native to a particular area and found nowhere else.

• Habitat Loss: The destruction or alteration of the natural environment causing species extinction.

• Conservation Priority: Areas targeted for protection due to high biodiversity and threat levels.

Lead Question - 2016 (Phase 2):

How many hot spots of biodiversity in the world have been identified till date by Norman Myers?

(1) 43

(2) 17

(3) 25

(4) 34

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) 17. Norman Myers identified 17 global biodiversity hotspots in 1988 based on endemism and habitat loss. These hotspots are critical for conservation as they contain large numbers of endemic species under threat from human activities and are priorities for global environmental protection.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

What defines a biodiversity hotspot?

(1) Low species diversity

(2) High endemism and significant habitat loss

(3) Large human population

(4) Absence of endemic species

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) High endemism and significant habitat loss. Biodiversity hotspots are regions with exceptionally high numbers of endemic species facing serious threats from habitat destruction, making them critical areas for conservation efforts to prevent species extinction.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Which organization uses the concept of biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities?

(1) WHO

(2) IUCN

(3) WWF

(4) UNESCO

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) WWF. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) uses the concept of biodiversity hotspots defined by Norman Myers to prioritize conservation efforts in areas with rich biodiversity facing significant threats.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Which continent has the most biodiversity hotspots?

(1) Europe

(2) Asia

(3) Africa

(4) Australia

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Asia. Asia contains several biodiversity hotspots like the Himalayas and Indo-Burma region, hosting numerous endemic species and diverse ecosystems under threat due to deforestation and human activities.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Who identified the concept of biodiversity hotspots?

(1) Charles Darwin

(2) Norman Myers

(3) Alfred Wallace

(4) Rachel Carson

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Norman Myers. Norman Myers introduced the concept of biodiversity hotspots in 1988 to highlight regions with exceptional levels of endemic species under threat, prioritizing global conservation actions.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ (Clinical Type):

Why is preserving biodiversity important for human health?

(1) Increases air pollution

(2) Reduces medicine availability

(3) Provides new medicinal compounds

(4) Decreases oxygen levels

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Provides new medicinal compounds. Biodiverse ecosystems are sources of novel medicinal compounds used in pharmaceuticals. Loss of biodiversity threatens the discovery of new treatments and reduces ecosystem services critical for human health and well-being.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

What percentage of the Earth’s land area do biodiversity hotspots cover?

(1) 2.3%

(2) 10%

(3) 25%

(4) 50%

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) 2.3%. Biodiversity hotspots cover only 2.3% of the Earth’s land surface but contain over 50% of the world’s endemic plant species, emphasizing their ecological importance and urgency for conservation.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:

Assertion (A): Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high endemism and habitat loss.

Reason (R): These regions are prioritized for conservation efforts.

(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(3) A is true, but R is false.

(4) Both A and R are false.

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. Biodiversity hotspots are critical for conservation because they harbor high numbers of endemic species facing severe habitat loss, making them priorities for environmental protection and sustainability.

8. Matching Type MCQ:

Match the region with its status:

A. Western Ghats

B. Himalayas

C. Amazon Rainforest

D. Sundaland

1. Biodiversity Hotspot

2. Biodiversity Hotspot

3. Not identified as a Myers hotspot

4. Biodiversity Hotspot

(1) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

(2) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

(3) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4

(4) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4. Western Ghats, Himalayas, and Sundaland are recognized biodiversity hotspots by Norman Myers. The Amazon Rainforest, while highly biodiverse, was not originally classified under Myers' hotspot criteria.

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:

Norman Myers identified ______ biodiversity hotspots in the world.

(1) 17

(2) 25

(3) 43

(4) 34

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) 17. In 1988, Norman Myers identified 17 biodiversity hotspots based on high species endemism and significant habitat loss. These areas are now global conservation priorities due to their exceptional ecological value and threats from human activities.

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:

Select correct statements about biodiversity hotspots:

(1) They contain many endemic species.

(2) They occupy 2.3% of Earth's land area.

(3) They are unaffected by human activities.

(4) Identified by Norman Myers.

(1) 1, 2, and 4 only

(2) 1 and 3 only

(3) 2 and 3 only

(4) All of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) 1, 2, and 4 only. Biodiversity hotspots contain many endemic species, occupy 2.3% of Earth's land, and were identified by Norman Myers. They are threatened by habitat loss, not unaffected by human activities.

Chapter: Biodiversity & Conservation | Topic: Conservation Strategies | Subtopic: National Symbols of India

Keywords:

• National Aquatic Animal: An aquatic species officially recognized for conservation importance in India.

• River Dolphin: Freshwater dolphin found in Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers, endangered.

• Biodiversity: Variety of life forms in an ecosystem.

• Endangered species: Organisms at high risk of extinction.

• Wildlife Protection Act: Indian law for protection of species and habitats.

• Indicator species: Species that reflect environmental health.

• Ex-situ conservation: Conservation outside natural habitat (zoos, aquaria).

• In-situ conservation: Protecting species in their natural habitats.

• Flagship species: Symbolic species used for awareness and conservation campaigns.

Lead Question - 2016 (Phase 1)

Which is the National Aquatic Animal of India ?

1. Gangetic shark
2. River dolphin
3. Blue whale
4. Sea-horse

Explanation (Answer: 2 — River dolphin): The Ganga river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) was declared India’s National Aquatic Animal in 2009. It is endangered and serves as an indicator of freshwater ecosystem health. Conservation efforts include the Wildlife Protection Act and Ganga Action Plan. Blue whale and others are not national aquatic symbols.

Q1. The Ganga river dolphin uses which sense primarily for navigation in turbid river water?
A. Vision
B. Echolocation
C. Lateral line system
D. Electric organ discharge

Explanation (Answer: B — Echolocation): River dolphins are nearly blind due to murky waters and instead rely on echolocation. They emit ultrasonic clicks, which bounce off objects and guide them in hunting and navigation. This adaptation ensures survival in sediment-rich Indian rivers where visibility is low.

Q2. Conservation of the Ganga river dolphin is essential mainly because it is:
A. A source of food for local people
B. A key predator and indicator species
C. A migratory marine animal
D. A primary producer of the river ecosystem

Explanation (Answer: B — Indicator species): The Ganga river dolphin is considered an indicator species because its health reflects the ecological status of the river ecosystem. Being a top predator, its survival depends on clean water and healthy prey populations, linking directly to human water security.

Q3. A fisherman reports decreased sightings of river dolphins in his village stretch of the Ganga. This most likely indicates:
A. Increased turbidity of water
B. Higher pollution and reduced fish population
C. Increased oxygen concentration
D. Expansion of dolphin population

Explanation (Answer: B — Higher pollution and reduced fish population): Decline in dolphin numbers is often linked with pollution, industrial effluents, and overfishing. As fish populations decrease, dolphins lose prey, leading to reduced sightings. They are highly sensitive to pollutants and serve as early warning indicators for water quality.

Q4. Which Ministry declared the River Dolphin as the National Aquatic Animal of India?
A. Ministry of Culture
B. Ministry of Environment & Forests
C. Ministry of Fisheries
D. Ministry of Jal Shakti

Explanation (Answer: B — Ministry of Environment & Forests): In 2009, the Ministry of Environment & Forests declared the Ganga river dolphin as the National Aquatic Animal to highlight its conservation need. This step was part of the Ganga Action Plan and awareness campaigns for protecting freshwater biodiversity.

Q5 (Assertion–Reason):
Assertion (A): The river dolphin population is declining in the Ganga.
Reason (R): Industrial pollution and dam construction reduce breeding and migration.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, R is false
D. A is false, R is true

Explanation (Answer: A): Both statements are true. Industrial pollution contaminates water, while dams fragment habitats and hinder migration and breeding. These combined factors explain the decline of river dolphins. Therefore, R correctly explains A in the context of conservation biology.

Q6 (Matching Type): Match the aquatic animals with their conservation status (IUCN):
A. Ganga river dolphin – 1. Critically Endangered
B. Olive ridley turtle – 2. Endangered
C. Dugong – 3. Vulnerable
D. Chinese river dolphin – 4. Extinct
Options:
a. A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
b. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
c. A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
d. A-2, B-3, C-3, D-1

Explanation (Answer: a): Ganga river dolphin is Endangered, Olive ridley turtle is Vulnerable, Dugong is Critically Endangered in India, and the Chinese river dolphin (Baiji) is declared functionally extinct. Such comparisons emphasize the urgency of conservation across diverse aquatic animals.

Q7. Which adaptation helps river dolphins survive in turbid freshwater rivers?
A. Long pectoral fins
B. Well-developed eyesight
C. Echolocation and flexible neck
D. Salt glands

Explanation (Answer: C — Echolocation and flexible neck): The river dolphin has poor vision but compensates with echolocation. Its flexible neck allows maneuverability in shallow, winding rivers. These adaptations make it well-suited to freshwater habitats, unlike marine dolphins that rely more on streamlined swimming and group hunting.

Q8 (Fill in the Blank): The Ganga river dolphin was declared the National Aquatic Animal of India in the year _______.
A. 2005
B. 2007
C. 2009
D. 2012

Explanation (Answer: C — 2009): In 2009, during the National Ganga River Basin Authority meeting, the Ganga river dolphin was officially declared as the National Aquatic Animal. This move aimed to raise awareness and strengthen conservation efforts under the Wildlife Protection Act.

Q9. A medical student studying toxicology finds mercury accumulation in tissues of dead river dolphins. This condition is due to:
A. Biomagnification
B. Eutrophication
C. Bioaccumulation
D. Bioremediation

Explanation (Answer: A — Biomagnification): Biomagnification is the progressive increase of toxic substances like mercury along the food chain. As dolphins are top predators, pollutants accumulate in their tissues at high concentrations, threatening their survival and reproductive health. This illustrates ecosystem interdependence and human responsibility for pollution control.

Q10 (Passage-based):
Passage: The Ganga river dolphin, once abundant, now faces serious decline. Its habitat is fragmented by dams, water flow reduction, and chemical pollution. As an endangered species, it is crucial for ecological monitoring of freshwater rivers.

Q: Which of the following measures would best aid its conservation?
A. Establishing captive breeding programs only
B. Removing all dams across the Ganga
C. Strict pollution control and habitat restoration
D. Hunting bans without habitat management

Explanation (Answer: C — Pollution control and habitat restoration): While bans on hunting exist, the dolphin’s survival requires habitat restoration and pollution management. Captive breeding is difficult for this species, and removing all dams is impractical. Integrated conservation focusing on water quality and ecosystem health is the most effective solution.