Plant Kinngdom

Topic: Classification of Plants
Subtopic: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms

Keyword Definitions:
- Cedrus: A genus of coniferous trees belonging to Gymnosperms.
- Adiantum: A fern commonly known as maidenhair fern, belonging to Pteridophytes.
- Sphagnum: A type of moss used in peat formation, belongs to Bryophyta.
- Marchantia: A genus of liverworts belonging to Bryophyta.
- Gymnosperms: Plants with naked seeds, not enclosed in fruits.
- Pteridophytes: Seedless vascular plants reproducing by spores.
- Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants including mosses and liverworts.
- Liverwort: Bryophyte with flat, thalloid body growing in moist habitats.
- Moss: Small green plant with leafy gametophyte dominant stage.
- Peat Moss: Sphagnum, a moss forming peat deposits in wetlands.
- Thallus: Undifferentiated plant body found in bryophytes and algae.

Lead Question - 2022 (Abroad):
Match List - I with List - II
List - I
a. Cedrus
b. Adiantum
c. Sphagnum
d. Marchantia

List - II
(i) Pteridophyte
(ii) Gymnosperm
(iii) Liverwort
(iv) Moss

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)
(2) (iii), (i), (iv), (ii)
(3) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)
(4) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)

Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Cedrus is a gymnosperm, Adiantum is a pteridophyte, Sphagnum is a moss, and Marchantia is a liverwort. These belong to different plant divisions, classified according to the presence of vascular tissue and reproductive structures.

1. Single Correct Answer:
Which of the following is a Gymnosperm?
(a) Adiantum
(b) Cedrus
(c) Sphagnum
(d) Marchantia
Explanation: Cedrus is a Gymnosperm, a cone-bearing seed plant without fruits or flowers. Adiantum is a fern, Sphagnum a moss, and Marchantia a liverwort. Gymnosperms show vascular tissues and naked seeds unlike non-vascular bryophytes.

2. Single Correct Answer:
Which plant is known as “peat moss”?
(a) Adiantum
(b) Marchantia
(c) Sphagnum
(d) Cedrus
Explanation: Sphagnum is commonly called peat moss. It forms peat deposits in wetlands by accumulating partially decomposed material. It retains water efficiently and is used in horticulture as a soil conditioner.

3. Single Correct Answer:
Which plant belongs to Pteridophyta?
(a) Adiantum
(b) Cedrus
(c) Marchantia
(d) Funaria
Explanation: Adiantum, or maidenhair fern, belongs to Pteridophyta. Pteridophytes are seedless vascular plants reproducing through spores. They represent the first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues, unlike bryophytes that lack xylem and phloem.

4. Single Correct Answer:
Which of the following is a Liverwort?
(a) Marchantia
(b) Sphagnum
(c) Adiantum
(d) Pinus
Explanation: Marchantia is a liverwort, a type of bryophyte with a flat, thalloid body. It grows in moist shaded areas and reproduces through gemmae and spores. It represents the gametophyte-dominant stage of the plant life cycle.

5. Single Correct Answer:
Which among the following lacks vascular tissues?
(a) Cedrus
(b) Adiantum
(c) Sphagnum
(d) Cycas
Explanation: Sphagnum lacks vascular tissues and belongs to Bryophyta. Bryophytes are non-vascular, depending on diffusion for water and nutrient transport, unlike vascular Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes that have well-developed conducting tissues.

6. Single Correct Answer:
Which statement is true about Gymnosperms?
(a) They are seedless plants.
(b) They produce naked seeds.
(c) They lack vascular tissues.
(d) They reproduce by spores.
Explanation: Gymnosperms produce naked seeds not enclosed in fruits. They are vascular and include conifers like Cedrus and Pinus. Their seeds are borne on cones and lack flowers or fruits, unlike angiosperms.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Marchantia is a thalloid bryophyte.
Reason (R): It has true roots and vascular tissues.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R explains A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R does not explain A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Explanation: Option (c) is correct. Marchantia is a thalloid bryophyte but lacks true roots and vascular tissues. It has rhizoids for anchorage and shows a gametophyte-dominant life cycle typical of bryophytes.

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match the following plant groups with examples:
List - I List - II
(a) Bryophyte (i) Cedrus
(b) Gymnosperm (ii) Marchantia
(c) Pteridophyte (iii) Adiantum
(d) Moss (iv) Sphagnum
Options:
(1) a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-iv, b-ii, c-i, d-iii
(3) a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i
(4) a-i, b-iii, c-iv, d-ii
Explanation: Option (1) is correct. Marchantia represents bryophytes, Cedrus represents gymnosperms, Adiantum represents pteridophytes, and Sphagnum represents mosses. These are classified based on their structural and reproductive differences.

9. Fill in the Blanks:
________ is a fern belonging to Pteridophyta.
(a) Sphagnum
(b) Cedrus
(c) Adiantum
(d) Marchantia
Explanation: The correct answer is Adiantum. It is a typical fern under Pteridophyta, having vascular tissues and reproducing through spores. It shows alternation of generations with sporophyte dominance.

10. Choose the Correct Statements:
1. Marchantia is a bryophyte.
2. Sphagnum forms peat in wetlands.
3. Adiantum is a Gymnosperm.
4. Cedrus produces cones.
Options:
(a) 1, 2, 4
(b) 1, 3, 4
(c) 2, 3, 4
(d) 1, 2, 3
Explanation: Option (a) is correct. Marchantia is a bryophyte, Sphagnum forms peat, and Cedrus produces cones as a gymnosperm. Adiantum is a fern, not a gymnosperm.

Topic: Plant Life Cycles
Subtopic: Alternation of Generations

Keyword Definitions:
• Sporophyte: Diploid phase in plant life cycle that produces spores.
• Gametophyte: Haploid phase that produces gametes.
• Haploid: Cell or organism with single set of chromosomes.
• Diploid: Cell or organism with two sets of chromosomes.
• Prothallus: Reduced gametophyte of ferns supporting sporophyte.
• Vascular Plant: Plant with specialized xylem and phloem for transport.
• Spirogyra: Filamentous green algae exhibiting haploid dominant life cycle.
• Fern: Vascular plant with alternation of generations and prothallus.
• Funaria: Moss with dominant gametophyte and dependent sporophyte.
• Cycas: Gymnosperm with dominant sporophyte and reduced gametophyte.

Lead Question (2022):
Match the plant with the kind of life cycle it exhibits :
List - I List - II
(a) Spirogyra (i) Dominant diploid sporophyte vascular plant, with highly reduced male or female gametophyte
(b) Fern (ii) Dominant haploid free-living gametophyte
(c) Funaria (iii) Dominant diploid sporophyte alternating with reduced gametophyte called prothallus
(d) Cycas (iv) Dominant haploid leafy gametophyte alternating with partially dependent multicellular sporophyte
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Options:
1. (a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)
2. (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)
3. (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)
4. (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii). Spirogyra has a dominant haploid gametophyte phase, Fern has dominant sporophyte alternating with prothallus, Funaria has dominant gametophyte, and Cycas is a vascular sporophyte with reduced gametophyte, illustrating alternation of generations.

Guessed MCQs for NEET UG:

1. Which of the following plants exhibits a dominant gametophyte stage?
Options:
(a) Fern
(b) Spirogyra
(c) Cycas
(d) Angiosperm
Explanation: The correct answer is (b) Spirogyra. In Spirogyra, the haploid gametophyte is free-living and dominant, producing gametes directly. The diploid sporophyte is short-lived and dependent, demonstrating the haploid-dominant life cycle typical of many algae species.

2. In ferns, the leafy gametophyte is called:
Options:
(a) Prothallus
(b) Sporangium
(c) Archegonium
(d) Antheridium
Explanation: The correct answer is (a) Prothallus. The prothallus is a small, free-living haploid gametophyte that produces gametes. It supports the sporophyte, which develops after fertilization. Ferns exhibit alternation of generations with a dominant sporophyte and reduced gametophyte.

3. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Cycas has a dominant sporophyte phase.
Reason (R): Its gametophyte is highly reduced and dependent.
Options:
(a) Both A and R are true, R explains A
(b) Both A and R are true, R does not explain A
(c) A is true, R is false
(d) A is false, R is true
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). Cycas is a gymnosperm with a dominant diploid sporophyte. Its male and female gametophytes are reduced and dependent on the sporophyte, making the alternation of generations evident, with sporophyte clearly dominant over the gametophyte.

4. Matching Type MCQ:
Match the plant with its life cycle characteristic:
List - I List - II
(a) Moss (i) Haploid dominant
(b) Fern (ii) Sporophyte dominant with prothallus
(c) Spirogyra (iii) Diploid dominant
Options:
1. (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i)
2. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii)
3. (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii)
4. (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii)
Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Moss has a dominant gametophyte (haploid), Fern has dominant sporophyte with prothallus, and Spirogyra is haploid dominant. This demonstrates different life cycle strategies among plants, highlighting alternation of generations with variable dominance.

5. Fill in the Blanks:
The gametophyte of a fern is called __________.
Options:
(a) Sporangium
(b) Prothallus
(c) Archegonium
(d) Sporophyte
Explanation: The correct answer is (b) Prothallus. The fern gametophyte, or prothallus, is small, green, and photosynthetic. It produces gametes for sexual reproduction and supports the development of the sporophyte, which becomes the dominant and familiar leafy plant form.

6. Which plant shows alternation of generations with dominant sporophyte?
Options:
(a) Funaria
(b) Fern
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Chlamydomonas
Explanation: The correct answer is (b) Fern. Ferns display alternation of generations with a dominant diploid sporophyte and a reduced haploid gametophyte. This structural organization allows efficient nutrient transport and reproduction, typical of vascular plants with independent sporophyte.

7. In mosses, the sporophyte is:
Options:
(a) Independent
(b) Short-lived and dependent
(c) Leafy
(d) Photosynthetic
Explanation: The correct answer is (b) Short-lived and dependent. In mosses like Funaria, the sporophyte grows on the gametophyte and depends on it for nutrients. The gametophyte is dominant, photosynthetic, and independent, illustrating haploid dominance and alternation of generations in bryophytes.

8. Choose the correct statements:
(i) Cycas has a reduced gametophyte
(ii) Ferns have free-living gametophytes
(iii) Spirogyra sporophyte is dominant
(iv) Funaria has dominant gametophyte
Options:
(a) i, ii, iv
(b) ii, iii
(c) i, iii, iv
(d) i, ii, iii, iv
Explanation: The correct answer is (a) i, ii, iv. Cycas has a reduced gametophyte, ferns have free-living prothalli, and Funaria shows gametophyte dominance. Spirogyra has a dominant haploid gametophyte, not sporophyte, demonstrating different life cycle strategies among lower and higher plants.

9. Which of the following is a vascular plant with dominant sporophyte?
Options:
(a) Fern
(b) Moss
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Chara
Explanation: The correct answer is (a) Fern. Ferns are vascular plants with xylem and phloem, and their life cycle has a dominant diploid sporophyte alternating with a small haploid gametophyte, the prothallus. Moss and algae are non-vascular or haploid-dominant, unlike ferns.

10. In Spirogyra, fertilization occurs by:
Options:
(a) Conjugation
(b) Pollination
(c) Spore dispersal
(d) Budding
Explanation: The correct answer is (a) Conjugation. In Spirogyra, haploid filaments form conjugation tubes allowing gamete transfer. Fertilization produces a zygote, which develops into a sporophyte phase. This simple sexual process exemplifies haploid-dominant life cycles in algae.

Topic: Floral Formulae and Families
Subtopic: Matching Floral Formula with Families

Keyword Definitions:

• Floral formula: A symbolic representation of flower structure showing calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.

• Brassicaceae: Family with cruciform corolla and tetradynamous stamens.

• Fabaceae: Family with papilionaceous corolla and diadelphous stamens.

• Solanaceae: Family with epipetalous stamens and bicarpellary ovary.

• Liliaceae: Monocot family with trimerous flowers and superior ovary.

Lead Question - 2021

Match Column - I with Column - II.

(a) ♂♀K(5)C1+2+(2)A(9)+1G1
(b) ♂♀K(5)C(5)A5G2
(c) ♂♀P(3+3)A3+3G(3)
(d) ♂♀K2+2C4A2+2G(2)

Column - II
(i) Brassicaceae
(ii) Liliaceae
(iii) Fabaceae
(iv) Solanaceae

(1) (a-i), (b-ii), (c-iii), (d-iv)
(2) (a-ii), (b-iii), (c-iv), (d-i)
(3) (a-iv), (b-iii), (c-i), (d-ii)
(4) (a-iii), (b-iv), (c-ii), (d-i)

Explanation: The correct answer is option (1). Formula (a) belongs to Fabaceae with diadelphous stamens. Formula (b) represents Solanaceae with pentamerous flowers. Formula (c) belongs to Liliaceae with trimerous flowers. Formula (d) represents Brassicaceae with tetradynamous stamens. Thus, (a-i), (b-ii), (c-iii), (d-iv) is the correct matching sequence.

Guessed Questions

1) In Brassicaceae, stamens are typically:
(1) Monadelphous
(2) Diadelphous
(3) Tetradynamous
(4) Polyandrous

Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Brassicaceae flowers show tetradynamous condition, where six stamens are present, four long and two short. This characteristic feature helps in identification of the family. Such floral adaptation ensures efficient pollination and is unique to the mustard family members.

2) In Fabaceae, the corolla is:
(1) Cruciform
(2) Papilionaceous
(3) Gamopetalous
(4) Rotate

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Fabaceae members have papilionaceous corolla, composed of a standard, two wings, and a keel. This structure is specialized for pollination in legumes like pea and bean. The papilionaceous arrangement ensures proper landing platform and protection of reproductive structures.

3) Which feature is typical of Solanaceae?
(1) Polycarpellary ovary
(2) Epipetalous stamens
(3) Diadelphous condition
(4) Unilocular ovary

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Solanaceae flowers have stamens attached to petals, called epipetalous stamens. This feature, along with bicarpellary syncarpous ovary and axile placentation, distinguishes the family. Examples include tomato, potato, and brinjal, which are widely cultivated food crops.

4) In Liliaceae, flowers are:
(1) Pentamerous
(2) Tetramerous
(3) Trimerous
(4) Dimerous

Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Liliaceae, being a monocot family, has trimerous flowers with floral parts in multiples of three. This is a key identifying feature of monocots. Members like onion and tulip display this arrangement. The ovary is superior and trilocular.

5) In Fabaceae, stamens are:
(1) Monadelphous
(2) Diadelphous
(3) Polyandrous
(4) Syngenesious

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Fabaceae flowers typically have diadelphous stamens, where ten stamens are present, nine fused and one free. This condition supports pollination by providing mechanical aid. It is an important diagnostic feature for identifying this family among dicot plants.

6) Which of the following shows a cruciform corolla?
(1) Mustard
(2) Pea
(3) Potato
(4) Onion

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Mustard, belonging to Brassicaceae, shows cruciform corolla where four free petals are arranged in the shape of a cross. This characteristic arrangement is distinctive for the family and aids in recognizing cruciferous vegetables such as radish, cabbage, and cauliflower.

7) Assertion (A): Solanaceae members have epipetalous stamens.
Reason (R): Stamens arise from the gynoecium.
(1) Both A and R are true, R explains A
(2) A true, R false
(3) A false, R true
(4) Both A and R false

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). In Solanaceae, stamens are epipetalous, meaning they are attached to petals, not arising from the gynoecium. Thus, assertion is correct but reason is false. This feature helps in pollination and is characteristic of the family.

8) Match the following:

(a) Brassicaceae → (i) Cruciform corolla
(b) Fabaceae → (ii) Papilionaceous corolla
(c) Solanaceae → (iii) Epipetalous stamens
(d) Liliaceae → (iv) Trimerous flowers

(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii
(3) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
(4) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Brassicaceae has cruciform corolla, Fabaceae has papilionaceous corolla, Solanaceae has epipetalous stamens, and Liliaceae shows trimerous flowers. These diagnostic characters are essential for classifying plants into families based on their floral morphology.

9) Fill in the blank: The floral formula of Fabaceae is represented as __________.
(1) K5C1+2+(2)A9+1G1
(2) K(5)C(5)A5G2
(3) P3+3A3+3G(3)
(4) K2+2C4A2+2G(2)

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Fabaceae has floral formula K5C1+2+(2)A9+1G1, where the papilionaceous corolla is represented as standard, wings, and keel, with diadelphous stamens and a monocarpellary ovary. This formula is diagnostic for the family, especially legumes like pea and bean.

10) Choose the correct statements:
(1) Brassicaceae has cruciform corolla.
(2) Fabaceae shows diadelphous stamens.
(3) Solanaceae flowers are pentamerous.
(4) Liliaceae has trimerous flowers.

(1) 1, 2, 3, and 4
(2) 1, 2, and 4 only
(3) 1 and 3 only
(4) 2 and 4 only

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). All statements are true: Brassicaceae has cruciform corolla, Fabaceae has diadelphous stamens, Solanaceae has pentamerous epipetalous flowers, and Liliaceae has trimerous flowers. These features serve as important diagnostic characteristics for classification of angiosperm families.

Topic: Pollination Biology
Subtopic: Pollen Viability

Keyword Definitions:

• Pollen viability: Ability of pollen grains to remain alive and functional for fertilization.

• Poaceae: Family of grasses, including wheat, rice, and maize.

• Leguminosae: Plant family including beans, peas, and lentils.

• Solanaceae: Family of plants including potato, tomato, and brinjal.

• Rosaceae: Plant family including rose, apple, and strawberry.

Lead Question - 2021
In some members of which of the following pairs of families, pollen grains retain their viability for months after release?
(1) Poaceae ; Leguminosae
(2) Poaceae ; Solanaceae
(3) Rosaceae ; Leguminosae
(4) Poaceae ; Rosaceae

Explanation: Pollen viability varies greatly among plant families. Members of Poaceae and Rosaceae retain viable pollen grains for months, enhancing fertilization chances under varied conditions. This adaptation supports successful reproduction. Thus, the correct answer is (4) Poaceae; Rosaceae.

1. Pollen grains in which plant family commonly lose viability within a few minutes of release?
(1) Rice (Poaceae)
(2) Leguminosae
(3) Rosaceae
(4) Solanaceae

Explanation: In cereals like rice and wheat (Poaceae), pollen viability is very short, sometimes lasting only a few minutes, due to thin exine. This ensures rapid pollination in windy environments. Thus, the correct answer is (1) Rice (Poaceae).

2. In which plant family do pollen grains often remain viable for several months, aiding cross-pollination?
(1) Leguminosae
(2) Solanaceae
(3) Rosaceae
(4) Poaceae

Explanation: Rosaceae pollen grains can survive for long durations, sometimes months, ensuring successful pollination across seasons. This is crucial in fruit-bearing plants like apple and pear. Thus, the correct answer is (3) Rosaceae.

3. Assertion (A): In Rosaceae, pollen viability lasts for months.
Reason (R): Thick exine and protective compounds in pollen coat enhance longevity.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true, R is false.
(4) A is false, R is true.

Explanation: Pollen longevity in Rosaceae is due to structural adaptations like thick exine and sporopollenin presence. These ensure resistance against dehydration. Both assertion and reason are true, and R correctly explains A. Thus, the correct answer is (1).

4. Match the following families with approximate pollen viability duration:
A. Poaceae
B. Rosaceae
C. Solanaceae
D. Leguminosae

(1) A - Minutes, B - Months, C - Hours, D - Days
(2) A - Hours, B - Days, C - Months, D - Minutes
(3) A - Months, B - Hours, C - Days, D - Minutes
(4) A - Days, B - Months, C - Hours, D - Minutes

Explanation: Poaceae pollen lasts minutes, Rosaceae months, Solanaceae hours, and Leguminosae days. This variation ensures reproductive success adapted to pollination mechanisms. Thus, the correct answer is (1).

5. Fill in the blank:
Pollen grains of ___________ remain viable for months due to their thick exine and protective structures.
(1) Rice
(2) Rose
(3) Tomato
(4) Gram

Explanation: Rose belongs to Rosaceae, where pollen grains remain viable for months. Structural features like sporopollenin in the exine prevent desiccation and degradation, ensuring longer reproductive capacity. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Rose.

6. Which one of the following plants has the shortest pollen viability?
(1) Wheat
(2) Apple
(3) Tomato
(4) Gram

Explanation: Wheat, a member of Poaceae, has pollen viability lasting only a few minutes. This adaptation facilitates rapid wind pollination. Apple (Rosaceae), tomato (Solanaceae), and gram (Leguminosae) show longer viability compared to wheat. Thus, the correct answer is (1) Wheat.

7. Which of the following statements about pollen viability is correct?
(1) Poaceae pollen lasts months.
(2) Rosaceae pollen lasts months.
(3) Solanaceae pollen lasts days.
(4) Leguminosae pollen lasts minutes.

Explanation: Rosaceae pollen grains remain viable for months, while Poaceae lasts minutes, Solanaceae hours, and Leguminosae days. This diversity reflects reproductive adaptations in different ecological settings. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Rosaceae pollen lasts months.

8. Which adaptation ensures high pollen viability in Rosaceae family members?
(1) Thin exine
(2) Sporopollenin in exine
(3) Absence of coat
(4) Rapid hydration

Explanation: Sporopollenin in the exine of pollen grains is the toughest organic compound, preventing degradation and ensuring long-term viability. This feature allows Rosaceae pollen to survive months after release. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Sporopollenin in exine.

9. Choose the correct statements about pollen viability:
(1) Poaceae pollen lasts a few minutes.
(2) Rosaceae pollen lasts months.
(3) Solanaceae pollen lasts hours.
(4) Leguminosae pollen lasts days.
(1) 1, 2 and 3 only
(2) 2, 3 and 4 only
(3) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(4) 1 and 4 only

Explanation: Pollen viability differs among families: Poaceae – minutes, Rosaceae – months, Solanaceae – hours, Leguminosae – days. All given statements are correct. Thus, the correct answer is (3) 1, 2, 3 and 4.

10. In which of the following does pollen viability remain longest?
(1) Wheat
(2) Tomato
(3) Gram
(4) Apple

Explanation: Apple, belonging to Rosaceae, has pollen grains viable for months, ensuring cross-pollination and fruit set. Wheat, tomato, and gram show shorter viability. Thus, the correct answer is (4) Apple.

Subtopic: Gemmae and Vegetative Propagation

Keyword Definitions:

• Gemmae: Small multicellular structures capable of developing into a new individual, aiding in asexual reproduction.

• Liverworts: Non-vascular plants of the group Marchantiophyta, often reproducing by gemmae.

• Pteridophytes: Vascular plants reproducing via spores without seeds, including ferns and horsetails.

• Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants that do not form flowers or fruits, like pine and cedar.

• Mosses: Small, non-vascular plants reproducing via spores, typically forming dense green mats.

• Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction without gamete fusion, producing genetically identical offspring from a single parent.

• Vegetative Propagation: Type of asexual reproduction in plants using vegetative parts like leaves, stems, or gemmae.

• Marchantia: A genus of liverworts that propagates using gemmae cups for asexual reproduction.

Lead Question - 2021

Gemmae are present in:
(1) Pteridophytes
(2) Some Gymnosperms
(3) Some Liverworts
(4) Mosses

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Some Liverworts. Gemmae are specialized multicellular bodies for asexual reproduction, commonly found in liverworts like Marchantia. They detach from the parent plant and develop into new gametophytes, ensuring propagation without gamete fusion, and are absent in gymnosperms, mosses, and pteridophytes.

Guessed Questions:

1) Single Correct Answer: Gemma cups are characteristic of:
(1) Marchantia
(2) Funaria
(3) Cycas
(4) Pteris

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Marchantia. Gemma cups on the dorsal surface produce gemmae for asexual reproduction. This adaptation ensures vegetative propagation independent of water and gametes. Other options like Funaria, Cycas, and Pteris reproduce differently and do not produce gemmae.

2) Single Correct Answer: Gemmae are mainly involved in:
(1) Sexual reproduction
(2) Asexual reproduction
(3) Spore formation
(4) Seed formation

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Asexual reproduction. Gemmae develop into new individuals without gamete fusion, ensuring propagation in liverworts. They bypass sexual reproduction and seed formation, forming independent gametophytes identical to the parent.

3) Single Correct Answer: Which structure produces gemmae in liverworts?
(1) Antheridium
(2) Archegonium
(3) Gemma cup
(4) Sporangium

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Gemma cup. These cup-shaped structures on the thallus surface contain gemmae, which disperse through rainwater. Antheridium and archegonium are sexual organs, while sporangium produces spores in pteridophytes, not gemmae.

4) Assertion (A): Gemmae detach from parent to form new plants.
Reason (R): They are multicellular and genetically identical to the parent.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Gemmae are multicellular and identical to the parent. When detached, they develop into new gametophytes independently. Their structure ensures vegetative propagation and survival in liverwort habitats without sexual reproduction.

5) Single Correct Answer: Which of the following plants reproduce using gemmae?
(1) Riccia
(2) Pinus
(3) Funaria
(4) Marsilea

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Riccia. Gemmae in Riccia enable asexual reproduction by forming new gametophytes. Pinus, Funaria, and Marsilea reproduce via seeds or spores and do not produce gemmae for propagation.

6) Single Correct Answer: Gemmae help liverworts in:
(1) Sexual reproduction
(2) Vegetative propagation
(3) Spore dispersal
(4) Fertilization

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Vegetative propagation. Gemmae develop into new gametophytes identical to the parent, enabling asexual reproduction and colonization of habitat. They do not participate in sexual reproduction, spore dispersal, or fertilization.

7) Matching Type: Match plant groups with asexual structures.
List-I  List-II
(a) Liverworts    (i) Gemmae
(b) Ferns    (ii) Rhizomes
(c) Bryophytes    (iii) Buds
(d) Angiosperms    (iv) Stolons

Explanation: Correct answer: (a) i, (b) ii, (c) iii, (d) iv. Liverworts produce gemmae for asexual reproduction, ferns use rhizomes, bryophytes may produce buds, and angiosperms can propagate via stolons or runners.

8) Single Correct Answer: Gemmae are found in which generation?
(1) Sporophyte
(2) Gametophyte
(3) Both
(4) Neither

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Gametophyte. Gemmae are produced on the gametophyte thallus of liverworts like Marchantia and develop into new gametophytes. Sporophytes produce spores, not gemmae.

9) Fill in the blank: Gemmae are dispersed primarily by ______.
(1) Wind
(2) Water
(3) Animals
(4) Gravity

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Water. Rain splashes gemmae out of gemma cups, allowing them to colonize new areas. This water-mediated dispersal ensures efficient asexual propagation in liverworts.

10) Choose the correct statements:
(a) Gemmae are multicellular.
(b) Gemmae develop into new plants.
(c) They are found in liverworts.
(d) They participate in sexual reproduction.
Options:
(1) a, b, c
(2) a, b, d
(3) b, c, d
(4) All are correct

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) a, b, c. Gemmae are multicellular, develop into new gametophytes, and are characteristic of liverworts. They do not participate in sexual reproduction, making option (d) incorrect.

Topic: Pteridophytes
Subtopic: Heterospory and Seed Habit

Keyword Definitions:

• Heterospory: Condition in which a plant produces two different types of spores – microspores and megaspores.

• Homosporous: Plants producing only one kind of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte.

• Microspore: Small spore that develops into male gametophyte.

• Megaspore: Larger spore that develops into female gametophyte.

• Selaginella: A heterosporous pteridophyte often called ‘living fossil’ or ‘resurrection plant’.

• Salvinia: An aquatic heterosporous fern producing both microspores and megaspores.

Lead Question - 2021

Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia produce two kinds of spores. Such plants are known as:
(1) Heterosorus
(2) Homosporous
(3) Heterosporous
(4) Homosorus

Explanation:
Plants like Selaginella and Salvinia produce microspores and megaspores. This phenomenon is called heterospory, which is important in the evolution of seed habit. Homospory involves one type of spore. The correct term is heterosporous. Thus, the correct answer is option (3) heterosporous.

1) Which of the following is a homosporous pteridophyte?
(1) Selaginella
(2) Salvinia
(3) Lycopodium
(4) Marsilea

Explanation:
Lycopodium is a homosporous pteridophyte producing only one kind of spore. Selaginella, Salvinia, and Marsilea are heterosporous pteridophytes that produce two types of spores. Thus, the correct answer is Lycopodium.

2) Which of the following is considered the evolutionary significance of heterospory?
(1) Evolution of vascular tissue
(2) Evolution of alternation of generations
(3) Evolution of seed habit
(4) Evolution of root system

Explanation:
Heterospory led to the differentiation of microspores and megaspores, which formed separate male and female gametophytes. This condition paved the way for the evolution of seed habit in higher plants. Hence, the correct answer is evolution of seed habit.

3) In Selaginella, microspores develop into:
(1) Female gametophyte
(2) Male gametophyte
(3) Sporophyte
(4) Embryo

Explanation:
In Selaginella, the microspores develop into male gametophytes that produce antheridia and male gametes. The megaspores develop into female gametophytes that produce archegonia and eggs. Thus, the correct answer is male gametophyte.

4) Assertion (A): Marsilea is heterosporous.
Reason (R): It produces morphologically similar spores.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of A
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not correct explanation of A
(3) A is true but R is false
(4) A is false but R is true

Explanation:
Marsilea is a heterosporous aquatic fern, producing microspores and megaspores. The Reason given is false because heterospory involves dissimilar spores, not similar ones. Hence, Assertion is true but Reason is false. Correct answer: option (3).

5) Match the following:
(a) Selaginella - (i) Homosporous
(b) Lycopodium - (ii) Heterosporous
(c) Salvinia - (iii) Seed habit evolution
(d) Heterospory - (iv) Microspores and Megaspores
Options:
(1) a-ii, b-i, c-ii, d-iv
(2) a-i, b-ii, c-i, d-iii
(3) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i
(4) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-ii

Explanation:
Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous, Lycopodium is homosporous, and heterospory indicates differentiation into microspores and megaspores. Thus, the correct match is a-ii, b-i, c-ii, d-iv. Correct answer is option (1).

6) Fill in the blank: In heterosporous plants, the female gametophyte is retained inside the ______.
(1) Microsporangium
(2) Megasporangium
(3) Antheridium
(4) Sporophyll

Explanation:
In heterosporous plants, the female gametophyte is retained inside the megasporangium, which offers protection and nourishment. This condition is a precursor to the seed habit found in gymnosperms and angiosperms. Thus, the correct answer is megasporangium.

7) Choose the correct statements:
(i) Selaginella is homosporous.
(ii) Salvinia is heterosporous.
(iii) Heterospory is seen in some pteridophytes.
(iv) Homospory is the rule in bryophytes.
Options:
(1) ii, iii, iv
(2) i and ii only
(3) ii and iv only
(4) i, ii, iii, and iv

Explanation:
Selaginella is heterosporous, so statement (i) is false. Salvinia is heterosporous, statement (ii) is correct. Heterospory occurs in some pteridophytes like Selaginella, Salvinia, and Marsilea, so statement (iii) is correct. Bryophytes are homosporous, so statement (iv) is correct. Correct answer: option (1).

8) In Salvinia, the megaspores develop into:
(1) Male gametophyte
(2) Female gametophyte
(3) Sporophyte
(4) Prothallus with antheridia

Explanation:
In Salvinia, megaspores give rise to female gametophytes bearing archegonia that produce egg cells. Microspores give rise to male gametophytes. Sporophytes arise only after fertilization. Hence, the correct answer is female gametophyte.

9) Which of the following is not a heterosporous plant?
(1) Marsilea
(2) Selaginella
(3) Salvinia
(4) Lycopodium

Explanation:
Lycopodium is homosporous, producing only one type of spore. Marsilea, Selaginella, and Salvinia are heterosporous pteridophytes producing both microspores and megaspores. Thus, the correct answer is Lycopodium.

10) Which feature in heterosporous plants is considered a precursor of seed habit?
(1) Retention of male gametophyte
(2) Retention of female gametophyte
(3) Double fertilization
(4) Presence of pollen tube

Explanation:
Retention and development of the female gametophyte within the megasporangium is a significant step toward the evolution of seed habit. This ensures protection and nourishment of the developing embryo. The correct answer is retention of female gametophyte.

Topic: Families 

Subtopic: Liliaceae 

Keywords 

 • Floral Formula – A symbolic representation of flower structure. 

 • Actinomorphic – Radial symmetry. 

 • Perianth – Undifferentiated calyx and corolla. 

 • Epigynous – Ovary below floral whorls. 

 • Syncarpous – Fused carpels.

Lead Question – 2020 (COVID Reexam)

Which of the following is the correct floral formula of Liliaceae?

1) % ⚥ P3+3 A3+3 G̲(3)

2) ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G̲(2)

3) Br ⚥ P(3+3) A3+3 G(3)

4) ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)

Explanation: The correct floral formula of Liliaceae is ⚥ P3+3 A3+3 G̲(3). Flowers are actinomorphic, trimerous, perianth with six tepals, six stamens, and tricarpellary syncarpous ovary. The family shows superior ovary condition. Hence, option 1 is correct.

Question 2

Which type of ovary is present in Liliaceae family?

1) Epigynous

2) Hypogynous

3) Perigynous

4) None

Explanation: Flowers of Liliaceae are hypogynous with superior ovary. The perianth and stamens are attached below the ovary. Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Question 3

Leaves of Liliaceae are usually:

1) Compound and alternate

2) Simple, parallel venation

3) Pinnately compound

4) Palmately compound

Explanation: Liliaceae has simple leaves with parallel venation, a key monocot feature. This helps differentiate them from dicots with reticulate venation. Correct answer is option 2.

Question 4

Which inflorescence is common in Liliaceae?

1) Raceme

2) Umbel

3) Spike

4) Capitulum

Explanation: The family shows racemose type, often umbel. Members like Allium exhibit umbellate clusters. Hence, option 2 is correct.

Question 5

Assertion (A): Flowers of Liliaceae are actinomorphic. Reason (R): They possess bilateral symmetry.

1) Both A and R are true, R explains A

2) Both A and R are true, R does not explain A

3) A is true, R is false

4) A is false, R is true

Explanation: Liliaceae flowers are actinomorphic due to radial symmetry, not bilateral. Assertion true, Reason false. Hence option 3 is correct.

Question 6

Match the following: A. Tepals – 6 B. Stamens – 6 C. Carpels – 3 D. Placentation – Axile

1) A1 B2 C3 D4

2) A2 B3 C1 D4

3) A6 B6 C3 D1

4) A4 B6 C2 D3

Explanation: In Liliaceae, there are six tepals, six stamens, three fused carpels, and axile placentation. Thus, correct matching corresponds to option 3.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: Ovary of Liliaceae is ______.

1) Tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, axile placentation

2) Bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior

3) Monocarpellary

4) Polycarpellary

Explanation: Ovary of Liliaceae is tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior with axile placentation. Hence, option 1 is correct.

Question 8

Choose the correct statements: 1) Liliaceae belongs to monocots. 2) Seeds are endospermic. 3) Perianth present instead of distinct calyx and corolla. 4) All the above.

Explanation: All statements are true: monocot family, seeds endospermic, and perianth with tepals instead of calyx and corolla. Correct answer is option 4.

Question 9

Which medicinal plant belongs to Liliaceae?

1) Aloe vera

2) Tulsi

3) Neem

4) Hibiscus

Explanation: Aloe vera, widely used in medicine and cosmetics, belongs to Liliaceae. Tulsi, Neem, and Hibiscus belong to other families. Answer is option 1.

Question 10

Pollination in Liliaceae is mostly:

1) Anemophily

2) Entomophily

3) Hydrophily

4) Zoophily

Explanation: Pollination in Liliaceae is mainly by insects (entomophily), due to showy flowers and nectar. Hence option 2 is correct.

Question 11

Fruit type of Liliaceae members is usually:

1) Capsule

2) Drupe

3) Berry

4) Nut

Explanation: The fruit in Liliaceae is typically a capsule, derived from a tricarpellary syncarpous ovary. Hence, option 1 is correct.

Topic: Alternation of Generations
Subtopic: Gametophyte Dependence

Keyword Definitions:

• Gametophyte: Haploid plant body producing gametes by mitosis.

• Sporophyte: Diploid plant body producing spores by meiosis.

• Independent existence: Ability of plant phase to live without dependence on the other generation.

• Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants with dominant gametophyte.

• Pteridophytes: Vascular cryptogams with dominant sporophyte.

• Angiosperms: Flowering plants with reduced dependent gametophyte.

Lead Question - 2020 (COVID Reexam)

Male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence in:-

(1) Pteridophytes
(2) Algae
(3) Angiosperms
(4) Bryophytes

Explanation: In angiosperms, both male and female gametophytes are highly reduced and dependent on the sporophyte. Male gametophyte is pollen grain and female gametophyte is embryo sac, both surviving inside sporophytic tissues. Unlike algae, bryophytes, and pteridophytes, they cannot live independently. Therefore, the correct answer is option (3) Angiosperms.

Guessed Questions:

1. In bryophytes, the dominant phase is:-
(1) Sporophyte
(2) Gametophyte
(3) Both equally
(4) None

Explanation: Bryophytes exhibit a dominant, independent gametophyte generation that carries out photosynthesis and reproduction. The sporophyte is short-lived and attached to the gametophyte, depending on it for nutrition. Therefore, the correct answer is option (2) Gametophyte.

2. Which of the following shows independent gametophyte and sporophyte?
(1) Angiosperms
(2) Gymnosperms
(3) Pteridophytes
(4) Bryophytes

Explanation: In pteridophytes, both gametophyte (prothallus) and sporophyte are independent. Gametophyte is small, photosynthetic, and free-living, while the sporophyte is dominant. Thus, the correct answer is option (3) Pteridophytes.

3. The male gametophyte of angiosperms is:-
(1) Anther
(2) Pollen grain
(3) Ovule
(4) Embryo sac

Explanation: In angiosperms, the male gametophyte is represented by the pollen grain, containing vegetative and generative cells. After pollination, it germinates to form the pollen tube carrying male gametes. Hence, the correct answer is option (2) Pollen grain.

4. Female gametophyte of angiosperms is called:-
(1) Ovule
(2) Embryo sac
(3) Egg apparatus
(4) Endosperm

Explanation: The embryo sac inside the ovule represents the female gametophyte in angiosperms. It usually follows the Polygonum type with seven cells and eight nuclei. Hence, the correct answer is option (2) Embryo sac.

5. In bryophytes, the sporophyte is:-
(1) Dominant
(2) Independent
(3) Completely dependent
(4) Free-living

Explanation: The sporophyte in bryophytes remains attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. It cannot survive independently and produces spores inside the capsule. Therefore, the correct answer is option (3) Completely dependent.

6. Which is the first plant group to show independent sporophyte?
(1) Algae
(2) Bryophytes
(3) Pteridophytes
(4) Gymnosperms

Explanation: Pteridophytes were the first land plants to evolve an independent, dominant sporophyte with vascular tissues. Gametophyte is small but still independent. Hence, the correct answer is option (3) Pteridophytes.

7. Assertion (A): In angiosperms, the sporophyte is dominant.
Reason (R): Gametophytes are independent and photosynthetic.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true but R false
(4) A false but R true

Explanation: In angiosperms, sporophyte is dominant, but gametophytes are highly reduced, non-photosynthetic, and completely dependent. Hence, A is true but R is false. Therefore, the correct answer is option (3).

8. Match the following:
List I - Plant group
(a) Algae
(b) Bryophytes
(c) Pteridophytes
(d) Angiosperms
List II - Gametophyte nature
(i) Dominant
(ii) Dependent
(iii) Free-living
(iv) Microscopic
Options:
(1) a-(iii), b-(i), c-(iii), d-(ii)
(2) a-(i), b-(iii), c-(ii), d-(iv)
(3) a-(iii), b-(ii), c-(iv), d-(i)
(4) a-(iv), b-(i), c-(iii), d-(ii)

Explanation: Algae have free-living gametophytes, bryophytes show dominant gametophytes, pteridophytes have free-living gametophytes, and angiosperms have dependent microscopic gametophytes. Correct match: a-(iii), b-(i), c-(iii), d-(ii). Hence, option (1) is correct.

9. Fill in the blanks:
In angiosperms, endosperm is usually ______.
(1) Haploid
(2) Diploid
(3) Triploid
(4) Tetraploid

Explanation: In angiosperms, endosperm forms after double fertilization when one sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei, making it triploid. This provides nutrition to the developing embryo. Therefore, the correct answer is option (3) Triploid.

10. Choose the correct statements about gametophytes:
(1) Angiosperm gametophytes are independent
(2) Bryophyte gametophytes are dominant
(3) Pteridophyte gametophytes are microscopic
(4) Sporophyte is dominant in bryophytes

Explanation: Bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte, angiosperm gametophytes are dependent, and pteridophyte gametophytes are visible, not microscopic. Sporophyte dominance appears in pteridophytes onwards. Hence, only statement (2) is correct.

Topic: Gymnosperms
Subtopic: General Characteristics

Keyword Definitions:

• Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants with naked seeds not enclosed in fruits.

• Heterosporous: Producing two types of spores, microspores and megaspores.

• Gametophyte: Haploid phase producing gametes in plants.

• Cuticle: Waxy covering reducing water loss in plants.

• Seeds: Structures containing the plant embryo and stored food.

Lead Question - 2020 (COVID Reexam)

Which of the following statements is incorrect about gymnosperms?

(1) They are heterosporous
(2) Male and female gametophytes are free-living
(3) Most of them have narrow leaves with thick cuticle
(4) Their seeds are not covered

Explanation: Gymnosperms are heterosporous and produce both microspores and megaspores. Their gametophytes are dependent on the sporophyte, not free-living. They usually have needle-like leaves with thick cuticle, and their seeds are naked without fruit covering. Thus, option (2) is incorrect as gametophytes are not free-living.

Guessed Questions:

1. In gymnosperms, the endosperm is:
(1) Diploid
(2) Haploid
(3) Triploid
(4) Polyploid

Explanation: In gymnosperms, the endosperm is formed before fertilization and is haploid, arising from the female gametophyte. Unlike angiosperms where it is triploid, gymnosperms show haploid nutritive tissue. Thus, the correct answer is option (2) Haploid.

2. Which structure in gymnosperms bears the ovules?
(1) Microsporophyll
(2) Megasporophyll
(3) Strobilus
(4) Cone axis

Explanation: In gymnosperms, ovules develop on megasporophylls which are organized into female cones or strobili. Each megasporophyll bears ovules directly without ovary covering, leading to naked seeds. Therefore, the correct answer is option (2) Megasporophyll.

3. Which of the following is a gymnosperm?
(1) Cycas
(2) Mango
(3) Rose
(4) Maize

Explanation: Cycas is a gymnosperm belonging to Cycadaceae. It has naked seeds, male and female cones on different plants, and motile male gametes. Mango, rose, and maize are angiosperms with enclosed seeds. Hence, the correct answer is option (1) Cycas.

4. In gymnosperms, pollination is usually by:
(1) Water
(2) Wind
(3) Insects
(4) Birds

Explanation: Gymnosperms primarily exhibit anemophilous pollination, i.e., pollination by wind. Pollen grains are produced in large numbers, light, and dry to aid wind dispersal to reach female cones. Therefore, the correct answer is option (2) Wind.

5. The male gametes of Cycas are:
(1) Non-motile
(2) Biflagellated
(3) Multiflagellated
(4) Without flagella

Explanation: Cycas is unique among seed plants in producing large, spirally ciliated multiflagellated male gametes. This primitive character links them with pteridophytes. Thus, the correct answer is option (3) Multiflagellated.

6. The seeds of gymnosperms are called naked because:
(1) They are small
(2) They lack integuments
(3) They are not enclosed in fruits
(4) They germinate quickly

Explanation: Gymnosperm seeds are termed naked because they are not enclosed within an ovary or fruit wall. Instead, they are borne directly on scales of female cones. Hence, the correct answer is option (3) They are not enclosed in fruits.

7. Assertion (A): Gymnosperms have vascular tissues.
Reason (R): Their xylem lacks vessels except in Gnetum.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R explains A
(2) Both A and R are true, but R does not explain A
(3) A is true but R is false
(4) A is false but R is true

Explanation: Gymnosperms possess vascular tissues, but their xylem is composed of tracheids only, except in Gnetum which has vessels. Both statements are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion. Therefore, the correct answer is option (1).

8. Match the following:
List I - Plant
(a) Pinus
(b) Cycas
(c) Gnetum
List II - Feature
(i) Motile male gametes
(ii) Vessels in xylem
(iii) Winged seeds
Options:
(1) a-(iii), b-(i), c-(ii)
(2) a-(ii), b-(iii), c-(i)
(3) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii)
(4) a-(iii), b-(ii), c-(i)

Explanation: Pinus produces winged seeds, Cycas has motile male gametes, and Gnetum possesses vessels in its xylem. Hence the correct matching is a-(iii), b-(i), c-(ii). Thus, option (1) is correct.

9. Fill in the blanks:
In gymnosperms, female gametophyte is ______.
(1) Diploid
(2) Triploid
(3) Haploid
(4) Polyploid

Explanation: The female gametophyte of gymnosperms arises from haploid megaspore through mitotic divisions and remains haploid. It produces archegonia containing egg cells. Therefore, the correct answer is option (3) Haploid.

10. Choose the correct statements about gymnosperms:
(1) Their ovules are enclosed within ovary.
(2) Endosperm is formed before fertilization.
(3) They show double fertilization.
(4) Xylem usually has vessels.

Explanation: In gymnosperms, the ovules are exposed, and endosperm forms before fertilization as haploid tissue. They lack double fertilization, and their xylem mostly has tracheids, except in Gnetum. Thus, the correct statement is option (2) Endosperm is formed before fertilization.

Topic: Sporophytes

Subtopic: Strobili (Cones) in Pteridophytes

Keyword Definitions:

• Strobili – Reproductive structures (cones) of some plants where spores are produced.

• Cones – Organ of spore production, typically found in gymnosperms and some pteridophytes.

• Marchantia – A liverwort; non-vascular plant reproducing via gametophytes, lacks strobili.

• Equisetum – Horsetail plant; pteridophyte that produces strobili for spore dispersal.

• Salvinia – Aquatic fern; free-floating, reproduces via sporocarps, does not form strobili.

• Pteris – True fern; reproduces by sori on fronds, does not form strobili.

• Sporophyte – Diploid phase of plant that produces spores.

• Sporangia – Spore-producing structures within strobili or sori.

• Pteridophytes – Vascular plants reproducing via spores without seeds, includes ferns, horsetails.

• Horsetails – Pteridophytes with jointed stems, small leaves, and strobili at stem tips.

• Sori – Clusters of sporangia on fern fronds, alternative to strobili in ferns.

Lead Question - 2020

Strobili or cones are found in:
(1) Marchantia
(2) Equisetum
(3) Salvinia
(4) Pteris

Explanation: Strobili are specialized reproductive structures found in Equisetum (horsetails) for spore production. Marchantia and Salvinia lack strobili, and Pteris forms sori instead. Correct answer is (2) Equisetum.

1. Single Correct Answer: The function of strobili in Equisetum is:
(1) Photosynthesis
(2) Water absorption
(3) Spore production
(4) Vegetative propagation

Explanation: Strobili are cone-like structures in Equisetum that bear sporangia, producing spores for reproduction. They do not perform photosynthesis or water absorption. Correct answer is (3) Spore production.

2. Single Correct Answer: Which of the following pteridophytes produces strobili?
(1) Pteris
(2) Salvinia
(3) Equisetum
(4) Marsilea

Explanation: Among pteridophytes, only Equisetum forms strobili for spore production. Pteris produces sori, Salvinia produces sporocarps, and Marsilea produces sporocarps, not strobili. Correct answer is (3) Equisetum.

3. Single Correct Answer: Strobili in Equisetum are borne on:
(1) Underground rhizomes
(2) Leaf axils
(3) Stem tips
(4) Frond undersides

Explanation: In Equisetum, strobili develop at the stem tips as cone-like structures that bear sporangia for spore dispersal. Other locations do not bear strobili. Correct answer is (3) Stem tips.

4. Assertion-Reason:
Assertion (A): Pteris produces sori, not strobili.
Reason (R): Sori are clusters of sporangia on fern fronds.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: Pteris ferns bear sori on the undersides of fronds. Sori are aggregations of sporangia performing similar reproductive roles as strobili. Both assertion and reason are correct, and R explains A. Correct answer is (1).

5. Single Correct Answer: Which structure is absent in Marchantia?
(1) Gametangia
(2) Thallus
(3) Strobili
(4) Rhizoids

Explanation: Marchantia, a liverwort, lacks strobili. It reproduces via gametangia and spores on specialized structures, and has rhizoids for anchorage. Correct answer is (3) Strobili.

6. Single Correct Answer: Salvinia reproduces by:
(1) Strobili
(2) Sporocarps
(3) Rhizomes
(4) Cones

Explanation: Salvinia, a floating fern, produces sporocarps for sexual reproduction. It does not form strobili or cones. Correct answer is (2) Sporocarps.

7. Matching Type: Match plant with reproductive structure:
a. Equisetum – i. Strobili
b. Pteris – ii. Sori
c. Salvinia – iii. Sporocarps
d. Marchantia – iv. Gametangia
Options:
(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
(3) a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i
(4) a-i, b-iii, c-ii, d-iv

Explanation: Equisetum produces strobili (a-i), Pteris has sori (b-ii), Salvinia forms sporocarps (c-iii), and Marchantia bears gametangia (d-iv). Correct answer is (1).

8. Fill in the blank: In horsetails, cones or strobili bear ______.
(1) Seeds
(2) Sporangia
(3) Gametes
(4) Flowers

Explanation: Strobili in Equisetum bear sporangia that produce haploid spores for reproduction. They do not produce seeds, gametes, or flowers. Correct answer is (2) Sporangia.

9. Single Correct Answer: The primary function of strobili in pteridophytes is:
(1) Photosynthesis
(2) Structural support
(3) Reproduction
(4) Water transport

Explanation: Strobili are reproductive structures bearing sporangia in pteridophytes like Equisetum. They are not involved in photosynthesis, support, or water transport. Correct answer is (3) Reproduction.

10. Choose the correct statements:
(a) Equisetum forms strobili
(b) Pteris forms sori
(c) Salvinia forms sporocarps
(d) Marchantia forms strobili
(1) a, b, c
(2) a, b, d
(3) b, c, d
(4) a, c, d

Explanation: Equisetum produces strobili (a). Pteris produces sori (b). Salvinia forms sporocarps (c). Marchantia does not form strobili (d is incorrect). Correct answer is (1) a, b, c.

Subtopic: Position of Ovary

• Ovary: Part of the pistil in a flower that contains ovules and develops into fruit after fertilization.

• Inferior Ovary: Ovary positioned below the attachment of other floral parts.

• Half Inferior Ovary: Ovary partially embedded in the receptacle with some parts above and some below other floral organs.

• Sunflower: A plant with a superior ovary.

• Plum: A fruit with a superior ovary.

• Brinjal: A plant with a half inferior ovary.

• Mustard: A plant with a superior ovary.

• Floral Morphology: Study of structure, arrangement, and types of flower parts.

• Pistil: Female reproductive part of a flower consisting of ovary, style, and stigma.

• Ovule: Structure inside the ovary that develops into a seed after fertilization.

• Receptacle: Part of the flower stalk where floral organs are attached.

Lead Question (2020): The ovary is half inferior in:
Options:
1. Sunflower
2. Plum
3. Brinjal
4. Mustard

Explanation: Correct answer is 3. Brinjal has a half inferior ovary, meaning the ovary is partially embedded in the receptacle with floral parts attached midway. Sunflower, plum, and mustard have superior ovaries with the ovary positioned above other floral organs. This structural feature influences fruit formation and classification.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following plants has a superior ovary?
Options:
a. Brinjal
b. Mustard
c. Apple
d. All of the above

Explanation: Correct answer is d. Mustard, apple, and other similar plants have superior ovaries, where the ovary is positioned above the point of attachment of other floral parts. This arrangement affects the type of fruit produced and is important in floral classification.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Half inferior ovary is also called:
Options:
a. Epigynous
b. Hypogynous
c. Perigynous
d. None of the above

Explanation: Correct answer is c. A half inferior ovary is also termed perigynous, where the ovary is partially enclosed by the receptacle and other floral parts appear attached around it. Epigynous and hypogynous flowers have fully inferior and superior ovaries respectively.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
In a flower with superior ovary, the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached:
Options:
a. Below the ovary
b. At the same level as ovary
c. Above the ovary
d. Around the ovary

Explanation: Correct answer is a. In superior ovaries, floral parts such as sepals, petals, and stamens are attached below the ovary, meaning the ovary sits on top. This contrasts with half inferior and inferior ovaries, influencing floral classification and fruit development.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which part of the flower partially encloses a half inferior ovary?
Options:
a. Ovule
b. Receptacle
c. Style
d. Petals

Explanation: Correct answer is b. In a half inferior ovary, the receptacle partially encloses the ovary, providing support and attachment for floral organs. This structural adaptation is intermediate between superior and completely inferior ovaries, influencing classification and fruit morphology.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following plants has a half inferior ovary?
Options:
a. Brinjal
b. Sunflower
c. Mustard
d. Plum

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Brinjal exhibits a half inferior ovary, partially embedded in the receptacle. Sunflower, mustard, and plum have superior ovaries. This difference helps in distinguishing floral types and understanding ovary position's influence on reproductive structure and fruit formation.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
What type of ovary does mustard have?
Options:
a. Superior
b. Half inferior
c. Inferior
d. None of the above

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Mustard has a superior ovary where the ovary is located above the attachment of sepals, petals, and stamens. This arrangement is typical for cruciferous plants, and contrasts with brinjal which has a half inferior ovary partially embedded in the receptacle.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Brinjal flower has a half inferior ovary.
Reason (R): In half inferior ovaries, floral parts are partially surrounding the ovary.
Options:
a. Both A and R are true, R explains A
b. Both A and R are true, R does not explain A
c. A is true, R is false
d. A is false, R is true

Explanation: Correct answer is a. Brinjal has a half inferior ovary, and in this condition, the floral parts partially surround the ovary, making the reason correct and explanatory for the assertion. This classification is intermediate between superior and inferior ovary types.

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match the plant with its ovary type:
(a) Sunflower | (i) Half inferior
(b) Brinjal | (ii) Superior
(c) Mustard | (iii) Superior
(d) Plum | (iv) Superior
Options:
1. a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
2. a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
3. a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv
4. a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii

Explanation: Correct answer is 1. Sunflower has a superior ovary (a-ii), brinjal has a half inferior ovary (b-i), mustard has superior ovary (c-iii), and plum also has superior ovary (d-iv). This classification aids in identifying ovary position and flower morphology.

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
In a flower with a half inferior ovary, the ovary is partially embedded in the ________.
Options:
a. Receptacle
b. Ovule
c. Style
d. Petals

Explanation: Correct answer is a. The half inferior ovary is partially embedded in the receptacle, which supports attachment of other floral organs. This feature is seen in plants like brinjal and is important for classification and understanding floral structural adaptations.

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:
Select correct statements about half inferior ovary:
i. Ovary is partially embedded in receptacle
ii. Seen in brinjal
iii

Subtopic: Phloem Structure

Keyword Definitions:

• Phloem: Vascular tissue responsible for transport of organic nutrients, mainly sucrose, in plants.

• Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants without flowers, e.g., pine, fir, which have different phloem structure from angiosperms.

• Sieve tubes: Long tube-like phloem cells in angiosperms that conduct food.

• Companion cells: Angiosperm phloem cells that support sieve tube elements.

• Albuminous cells: Nucleated cells in gymnosperm phloem associated with sieve cells, help in transport and support.

• Sieve cells: Phloem conducting cells in gymnosperms, elongated with sieve areas instead of sieve plates.

Lead Question (2019):

Phloem in gymnosperms lacks:
(1) Albuminous cells and sieve cells
(2) Sieve tubes only
(3) Companion cells only
(4) Both sieve tubes and companion cells

Explanation: Correct answer is (3). Gymnosperm phloem contains sieve cells and albuminous cells but lacks companion cells. Companion cells are specific to angiosperms, where they maintain and support sieve tube elements, whereas gymnosperms rely on albuminous cells to assist sieve cells in transport.

1) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which cell type is absent in gymnosperm phloem?
(1) Sieve cells
(2) Albuminous cells
(3) Companion cells
(4) Parenchyma

Explanation: Correct answer is (3). Gymnosperm phloem has sieve cells and albuminous cells but does not have companion cells, which are found only in angiosperm phloem to support sieve tube elements.

2) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Albuminous cells in gymnosperms are analogous to:
(1) Sieve elements in angiosperms
(2) Companion cells in angiosperms
(3) Xylem vessels
(4) Parenchyma cells

Explanation: Correct answer is (2). Albuminous cells in gymnosperms function similarly to companion cells in angiosperms by supporting sieve cells, facilitating transport of organic substances and maintaining cell viability.

3) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Sieve cells in gymnosperms differ from sieve tubes in that they:
(1) Are dead at maturity
(2) Lack sieve areas
(3) Lack companion cells
(4) Are short and wide

Explanation: Correct answer is (3). Sieve cells in gymnosperms are elongated conducting cells without companion cells. Transport is aided by albuminous cells. Sieve tubes of angiosperms are associated with companion cells.

4) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which is the main conducting cell in gymnosperm phloem?
(1) Sieve tube element
(2) Sieve cell
(3) Companion cell
(4) Tracheid

Explanation: Correct answer is (2). Sieve cells are the primary conducting cells in gymnosperm phloem, facilitating transport of food substances. They are assisted by albuminous cells rather than companion cells.

5) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Companion cells are associated with:
(1) Gymnosperm sieve cells
(2) Angiosperm sieve tube elements
(3) Xylem vessels
(4) Albuminous cells

Explanation: Correct answer is (2). Companion cells are specialized angiosperm phloem cells that support sieve tube elements in transporting organic nutrients efficiently.

6) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following is present in gymnosperm phloem?
(1) Companion cells
(2) Sieve tubes
(3) Albuminous cells
(4) Vessel elements

Explanation: Correct answer is (3). Gymnosperm phloem contains albuminous cells along with sieve cells. Sieve tubes and companion cells are absent, which distinguishes it from angiosperm phloem.

7) Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Gymnosperm phloem lacks companion cells.
Reason (R): Gymnosperms have albuminous cells that perform the supportive role.
Options:
(1) A true, R true, R correct explanation
(2) A true, R true, R not correct explanation
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: Correct answer is (1). Gymnosperm phloem does not have companion cells; instead, albuminous cells support sieve cells in transport, making the reason correct and explaining the assertion accurately.

8) Matching Type MCQ:
Match the following phloem elements with plant type:
(a) Companion cells - (i) Gymnosperms
(b) Albuminous cells - (ii) Angiosperms
(c) Sieve tubes - (iii) Angiosperms
(d) Sieve cells - (iv) Gymnosperms
Options:
(1) a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-i, b-ii, c-iv, d-iii
(3) a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i
(4) a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-ii

Explanation: Correct answer is (1). Companion cells and sieve tubes are characteristic of angiosperms, whereas albuminous cells and sieve cells are found in gymnosperm phloem, reflecting structural differences in transport tissues.

9) Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
Gymnosperm phloem lacks ________, which is present in angiosperms.
(1) Sieve cells
(2) Albuminous cells
(3) Companion cells
(4) Parenchyma

Explanation: Correct answer is (3). Companion cells are absent in gymnosperms; instead, albuminous cells provide the necessary support to sieve cells for nutrient transport.

10) Choose the correct statements MCQ:
(1) Gymnosperm phloem has sieve cells
(2) Gymnosperm phloem has albuminous cells
(3) Gymnosperm phloem has companion cells
(4) Sieve tubes are absent in gymnosperms

Explanation: Correct answer is (1,

Subtopic: Mycorrhizal Association

Keyword Definitions:

• Pinus: A genus of gymnosperms commonly known as pine trees.

• Germination: Process by which a seed develops into a new plant.

• Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic association between a fungus and plant roots, aiding nutrient absorption.

• Embryo: Young developing plant inside a seed.

• Obligate Association: Dependency of one organism on another for survival or development.

• Seed Coat: Protective outer layer of a seed.

Lead Question (2019):

Pinus seed cannot germinate and establish without fungal association. This is because:
(1) its embryo is immature.
(2) it has obligate association with mycorrhizae.
(3) it has very hard seed coat.
(4) its seeds contain inhibitors that prevent germination

Explanation: Correct answer is (2) it has obligate association with mycorrhizae. Pinus seeds depend on symbiotic fungi for mineral and water absorption due to their tiny embryos and nutrient-poor reserves. This mutualistic association allows successful germination and seedling establishment in natural habitats.

1) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Mycorrhizal fungi help plants primarily by:
(1) Fixing nitrogen
(2) Enhancing mineral absorption
(3) Producing chlorophyll
(4) Pollinating flowers

Explanation: Correct answer is (2). Mycorrhizal fungi extend root surface area, improving uptake of minerals and water. This symbiotic interaction is critical for plant nutrition, especially in nutrient-poor soils.

2) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Seeds of Pinus are classified as:
(1) Orthodox
(2) Recalcitrant
(3) Viviparous
(4) Fleshy

Explanation: Correct answer is (1). Pinus seeds are orthodox, tolerating desiccation but require fungal association for germination. Their small endosperm necessitates external support for seedling establishment.

3) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Why Pinus embryo is unable to germinate independently?
(1) Immature embryo
(2) Requires fungal nutrients
(3) Thick seed coat
(4) Chemical inhibitors

Explanation: Correct answer is (2). The embryo depends on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient supply. Seeds alone have limited reserves, making symbiosis essential for germination and early seedling growth.

4) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Obligate mycorrhizae mean:
(1) Plants can survive without fungi
(2) Fungi are essential for plant survival
(3) Fungi are parasitic
(4) Plant produces own nutrients

Explanation: Correct answer is (2). Obligate mycorrhizae are necessary for plant development. Pinus seedlings cannot establish without fungal partners providing critical nutrients from soil.

5) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which part of the Pinus seed is tiny and limits nutrient reserve?
(1) Endosperm
(2) Seed coat
(3) Embryo
(4) Cotyledon

Explanation: Correct answer is (1). Pinus seeds have minimal endosperm; mycorrhizal fungi supply additional nutrients, compensating for the limited reserves and supporting germination.

6) Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Pinus seeds germinate naturally under which condition?
(1) Presence of fungi
(2) Complete darkness
(3) High humidity only
(4) Scarified seed coat

Explanation: Correct answer is (1). Fungal association is vital for germination because it provides essential nutrients and water uptake for tiny embryos, ensuring proper seedling growth in natural habitats.

7) Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Pinus seeds need mycorrhizal fungi for germination.
Reason (R): Their embryos are nutrient-deficient.
Options:
(1) A true, R true, R correct explanation
(2) A true, R true, R not correct explanation
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: Correct answer is (1). The tiny, nutrient-poor embryos rely on obligate mycorrhizal fungi for water and mineral supply, enabling germination and seedling establishment.

8) Matching Type MCQ:
Match plant with germination requirement:
(a) Pinus - (i) Fungal association
(b) Zea mays - (ii) Self-sufficient
(c) Orchid - (iii) Symbiotic fungi
Options:
(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii
(2) a-ii, b-i, c-iii
(3) a-i, b-iii, c-ii
(4) a-iii, b-ii, c-i

Explanation: Correct answer is (1). Pinus requires fungi, Zea mays is self-sufficient, and orchids rely on symbiotic fungi for germination. Early seedling survival depends on these associations.

9) Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
Pinus seed embryo is ________ and needs fungi to germinate.
(1) Immature
(2) Tiny and nutrient-poor
(3) Fully mature
(4) Dormant only

Explanation: Correct answer is (2). The embryo is tiny and nutrient-deficient; fungal association supplies minerals and water essential for germination and seedling establishment.

10) Choose the correct statements MCQ:
(1) Pinus seeds require mycorrhizae
(2) Seed coat is thin and permeable
(3) Embryos have sufficient reserves
(4) Germination fails without fungi
Options:
(1) 1 and 4
(2) 1, 2, 4
(3) 2 and 3
(4) All of the above

Explanation: Correct answer is (1) 1 and 4. Pinus seeds are dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for successful germination due to nutrient-poor embryos and limited reserves. Seedlings fail to establish without this symbiotic association.

Topic: Evolution of Plant Reproductive Strategies

Subtopic: Retention of Female Gametophyte and Embryo Development

Keyword Definitions:

• Female gametophyte: Haploid structure producing female gametes in plants.

• Sporophyte: Diploid plant phase producing spores by meiosis.

• Liverworts: Primitive non-vascular plants with free-living gametophytes.

• Mosses: Non-vascular plants showing partial retention of gametophyte on sporophyte.

• Pteridophytes: Seedless vascular plants, gametophyte independent initially.

• Gymnosperms: Seed plants showing retention of female gametophyte and developing embryo on parent sporophyte.

Lead Question (September 2019):

From evolutionary point of view, retention of the female gametophyte with developing young embryo on the parent sporophyte for some time, is first observed in:
(1) Liverworts
(2) Mosses
(3) Pteridophytes
(4) Gymnosperms

Explanation: The correct answer is (4) Gymnosperms. Gymnosperms exhibit retention of female gametophyte and embryo on parent sporophyte, marking a major evolutionary step toward seed habit. NEET UG tests understanding of plant evolutionary transitions from non-vascular to seed-bearing plants.

1) Which plant group shows independent gametophytes initially?
(1) Liverworts
(2) Pteridophytes
(3) Gymnosperms
(4) Mosses

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Pteridophytes. Gametophytes are initially free-living and independent in pteridophytes, unlike gymnosperms. NEET UG evaluates the evolutionary differences in plant life cycles.

2) In which group is the embryo retained within female gametophyte?
(1) Liverworts
(2) Mosses
(3) Pteridophytes
(4) Gymnosperms

Explanation: The correct answer is (4) Gymnosperms. The embryo develops on the parent sporophyte, an adaptation improving survival. NEET UG often tests plant reproductive evolution.

3) Seed habit first appears in:
(1) Mosses
(2) Gymnosperms
(3) Pteridophytes
(4) Liverworts

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Gymnosperms. Retention of female gametophyte leads to seed formation, a major evolutionary advancement. NEET UG emphasizes evolutionary significance of seed habit.

4) Advantages of retaining female gametophyte include:
(1) Protection of embryo
(2) Nutrition supply
(3) Higher survival rate
(4) All of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (4). Retention protects the embryo, provides nutrients, and increases survival. NEET UG examines adaptations promoting reproductive success.

5) In mosses, embryo is:
(1) Retained on female gametophyte
(2) Independent
(3) Within spores
(4) Absent

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Retained on female gametophyte temporarily. NEET UG tests subtle differences between non-vascular plant groups.

6) Liverworts differ from gymnosperms because:
(1) Gametophyte is dominant
(2) No embryo retention
(3) Non-vascular
(4) All of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (4). Liverworts are non-vascular, gametophyte dominant, and do not retain embryo. NEET UG may test distinctions among early plant lineages.

7) Assertion-Reason Type:
Assertion (A): Gymnosperms retain female gametophyte on parent sporophyte.
Reason (R): It provides protection and nutrition to the developing embryo.
(1) A true, R true, R correct explanation
(2) A true, R true, R not explanation
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Retention of female gametophyte ensures embryo protection and nutrition, marking evolutionary adaptation. NEET UG tests understanding of causality in plant evolution.

8) Matching Type:
Match plant group with characteristic:
(a) Liverworts - (i) Non-vascular, no embryo retention
(b) Mosses - (ii) Non-vascular, partial embryo retention
(c) Pteridophytes - (iii) Vascular, gametophyte independent
(d) Gymnosperms - (iv) Vascular, embryo retained on sporophyte
Options:
(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
(3) a-i, b-iii, c-ii, d-iv
(4) a-iv, b-ii, c-i, d-iii

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Each plant group shows progressive evolutionary adaptations: liverworts primitive, mosses partially retain embryo, pteridophytes have independent gametophyte, gymnosperms retain embryo on sporophyte. NEET UG assesses evolutionary patterns.

9) Fill in the Blanks:
Retention of female gametophyte with young embryo first occurs in ______.
(1) Mosses
(2) Gymnosperms
(3) Pteridophytes
(4) Liverworts

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Gymnosperms. NEET UG tests recognition of key evolutionary innovations in seed plants.

10) Choose the correct statements:
(1) Gymnosperms retain female gametophyte
(2) Embryo is nourished by sporophyte
(3) Pteridophytes have free-living gametophyte
(4) Liverworts show embryo retention
Options:
(1) 1, 2, 3
(2) 1, 2, 4
(3) 2, 3, 4
(4) 1, 3, 4

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) 1, 2, 3. Gymnosperms retain female gametophyte and provide nutrition to embryo; pteridophytes have free-living gametophytes. Liverworts do not retain embryo. NEET UG tests evolutionary understanding of plant reproductive adaptations.

Subtopic: Gymnosperms

Keyword Definitions:

• Pollen grains: Microscopic male gametophytes carrying male gametes.

• Winged pollen: Pollen with air-filled bladders aiding wind dispersal.

• Anemophily: Pollination by wind.

• Gymnosperms: Seed plants without flowers, e.g., Pinus, Cycas.

• Angiosperms: Flowering plants, e.g., Mango, Mustard.

Lead Question - 2018

Winged pollen grains are present in

(A) Pinus

(B) Mustard

(C) Mango

(D) Cycas

Explanation: Winged pollen grains are a special adaptation in gymnosperms like Pinus. These wings are formed by extensions of the exine wall and help in buoyancy for wind dispersal. Mustard and Mango are angiosperms with spherical pollen, while Cycas lacks winged pollen. Hence, the correct answer is Pinus.

Guessed Questions for NEET UG

1) Which type of pollination is favored by winged pollen grains?

(A) Entomophily

(B) Anemophily

(C) Hydrophily

(D) Zoophily

Explanation: Winged pollen grains in Pinus are adapted for dispersal by air currents, showing clear adaptation for anemophily (wind pollination). Entomophily involves insects, hydrophily involves water, and zoophily involves animals. Thus, the answer is Anemophily, as wings increase pollen buoyancy in air for successful pollination.

2) In gymnosperms like Pinus, pollen grains are produced in

(A) Microsporangia of microsporophyll

(B) Megasporangia of megasporophyll

(C) Ovules

(D) Megagametophyte

Explanation: In Pinus, pollen grains are haploid male gametophytes produced from microspores in the microsporangia, located on microsporophylls of male cones. Megasporangia and ovules form female gametophytes, not pollen. Thus, the correct answer is microsporangia of microsporophyll.

3) Which gymnosperm shows unisexual strobili with winged pollen?

(A) Ginkgo

(B) Cycas

(C) Pinus

(D) Gnetum

Explanation: Pinus produces distinct male and female cones (unisexual strobili). Its male cones produce winged pollen grains for wind pollination. Cycas has unisexual strobili but pollen lacks wings. Ginkgo has motile sperm and no winged pollen. Gnetum shows angiosperm-like characters. Hence, Pinus is correct.

4) Assertion (A): Winged pollen grains are found in Pinus.

Reason (R): They help in insect pollination.

(A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation

(B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation

(C) A true, R false

(D) A false, R true

Explanation: Pinus produces winged pollen, but these are for wind pollination, not insect pollination. Thus, Assertion is true, Reason is false. Correct option is (C). This highlights the role of wind (anemophily), not insects, in Pinus pollination biology.

5) Match the following:

Column I – (a) Pinus, (b) Cycas, (c) Mango, (d) Vallisneria

Column II – (i) Winged pollen, (ii) Motile sperms, (iii) Insect pollination, (iv) Water pollination

Options:

(A) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv

(B) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii

(C) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i

(D) a-i, b-iv, c-ii, d-iii

Explanation: Pinus has winged pollen (i), Cycas has motile sperms (ii), Mango is insect-pollinated (iii), and Vallisneria uses water pollination (iv). Correct matching is option (A). This shows the diversity of pollination adaptations across plant groups.

6) Winged pollen grains are absent in

(A) Pinus

(B) Cycas

(C) Cedrus

(D) Spruce

Explanation: Winged pollen grains are characteristic of conifers like Pinus, Cedrus, and Spruce. Cycas produces large, heavy, non-winged pollen. Hence, the correct answer is Cycas. This reflects differences in gymnosperm reproductive adaptations within genera.

7) Fill in the Blank:

In Pinus, the __________ wall forms air sacs (wings) on pollen grains.

(A) Exine

(B) Intine

(C) Sporopollenin

(D) Tapetum

Explanation: The exine layer of pollen grains in Pinus develops into balloon-like structures forming wings. Intine is the inner cellulose wall. Sporopollenin forms the exine structure but does not directly create wings. Tapetum provides nutrition during pollen development. Correct answer is Exine.

8) Choose the correct statements:

i) Winged pollen grains occur in Pinus.

ii) They aid in buoyancy for wind pollination.

iii) Cycas also has winged pollen.

iv) Mango pollen are insect-pollinated.

(A) i, ii, iv correct

(B) ii, iii correct

(C) i, iii correct

(D) All correct

Explanation: Pinus has winged pollen aiding anemophily. Mango pollen is insect-pollinated. Cycas pollen lack wings. Therefore, i, ii, and iv are correct, making (A) the right option. This clarifies differences in pollen adaptations across taxa.

9) The two air sacs in Pinus pollen are called

(A) Aleurone grains

(B) Bladders

(C) Resin ducts

(D) Vacuoles

Explanation: In Pinus, the two lateral air-filled expansions of the exine are called bladders or saccae. They enhance pollen buoyancy for wind dispersal. Aleurone grains are protein bodies, resin ducts are secretory structures, and vacuoles are cell organelles. Thus, the correct answer is bladders.

10) Winged pollen grains are most helpful for plants inhabiting

(A) Aquatic environment

(B) Windy habitats

(C) Insect-rich forests

(D) Pollinator-deficient areas

Explanation: Winged pollen grains are highly advantageous in windy habitats. They increase pollen flight efficiency and dispersal distance by air. Aquatic habitats favor hydrophily, insect-rich forests favor entomophily, and pollinator-deficient areas may rely on selfing. Hence, the answer is windy habitats.

Topic: Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes

Subtopic: Morphology and Reproduction

Keyword Definitions:

• Cycas: Gymnosperm with unbranched stems, produces ovules on megasporophylls.

• Cedrus: Gymnospermous tree with needle-like leaves and cone-bearing stems.

• Ovule: Female reproductive structure giving rise to seeds.

• Gymnosperms: Seed plants with naked ovules not enclosed in ovary.

• Horsetails: Pteridophytes with jointed stems, reproduce via spores.

• Selaginella: Heterosporous pteridophyte producing microspores and megaspores.

• Salvinia: Floating fern, produces only one type of spore (homosporous).

Lead Question - 2018

Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) Stems are usually unbranched in both Cycas and Cedrus

(B) Ovules are not enclosed by ovary wall in gymnosperms

(C) Horsetails are gymnosperms

(D) Selaginella is heterosporous, while Salvinia is homosporous

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Gymnosperms have naked ovules, meaning they are not enclosed by an ovary wall. Cycas and Cedrus stems may branch in maturity. Horsetails are pteridophytes, not gymnosperms. Selaginella is heterosporous, and Salvinia is also heterosporous, not homosporous, making option B correct.

Guessed NEET UG MCQs:

1) Single Correct: Which gymnosperm produces seeds in cones?

(A) Cycas

(B) Salvinia

(C) Equisetum

(D) Marchantia

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Cycas, a gymnosperm, produces seeds on megasporophylls arranged in cones. Salvinia is a fern, Equisetum is horsetail, and Marchantia is a bryophyte.

2) Single Correct: Which plant is heterosporous?

(A) Selaginella

(B) Salvinia

(C) Equisetum

(D) Funaria

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Selaginella produces microspores and megaspores, hence heterosporous. Salvinia is homosporous, Equisetum produces one type of spore, Funaria is bryophyte and homosporous.

3) Single Correct: Horsetails belong to:

(A) Gymnosperms

(B) Pteridophytes

(C) Bryophytes

(D) Angiosperms

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Horsetails (Equisetum) are pteridophytes with vascular tissue, reproducing via spores, not seeds. They are neither gymnosperms nor angiosperms.

4) Assertion-Reason:

Assertion: Ovules in gymnosperms are naked.

Reason: They are enclosed by a fruit.

(A) Both true, Reason correct

(B) Both true, Reason incorrect

(C) Assertion true, Reason false

(D) Both false

Explanation:

Answer is (C). Gymnosperm ovules are exposed and not enclosed by fruit. Hence assertion is true, but reason is false.

5) Single Correct (Clinical-type): Which gymnosperm is used in traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory properties?

(A) Cycas

(B) Ginkgo biloba

(C) Cedrus

(D) Pinus

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Ginkgo biloba leaves contain flavonoids used clinically to improve blood circulation and reduce inflammation. Other gymnosperms like Cycas, Cedrus, and Pinus are primarily timber or ornamental.

6) Single Correct: Cedrus belongs to:

(A) Gymnosperms

(B) Pteridophytes

(C) Bryophytes

(D) Angiosperms

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Cedrus is a gymnosperm with unbranched stems and needle-like leaves, reproducing via cones.

7) Matching Type:

Column I | Column II

a. Cycas | i. Heterosporous

b. Salvinia | ii. Naked ovules

c. Equisetum | iii. Pteridophyte

d. Cedrus | iv. Gymnosperm

(A) a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv

(B) a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-ii

(C) a-ii, b-iv, c-iii, d-i

(D) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Cycas has naked ovules, Salvinia is heterosporous, Equisetum is pteridophyte, Cedrus is gymnosperm.

8) Fill in the Blank:

________ produce naked seeds in cones.

(A) Angiosperms

(B) Gymnosperms

(C) Pteridophytes

(D) Bryophytes

Explanation:

Answer is (B). Gymnosperms like Cycas and Cedrus bear seeds on megasporophylls without ovary enclosure, producing naked seeds in cones.

9) Choose the correct statements:

(i) Gymnosperms bear naked ovules

(ii) Selaginella is heterosporous

(iii) Horsetails are gymnosperms

(A) i and ii only

(B) i and iii only

(C) ii and iii only

(D) i, ii, iii

Explanation:

Answer is (A). Gymnosperms have naked ovules, Selaginella is heterosporous. Horsetails are pteridophytes, not gymnosperms.

10) Clinical-type: Which feature of gymnosperms is exploited for timber and paper industry?

(A) Seeds

(B) Leaves

(C) Wood (Secondary xylem)

(D) Cones

Explanation:

Answer is (C). Gymnosperms like Cedrus and Pinus have well-developed secondary xylem used extensively for timber, plywood, and paper production.

Chapter: Plant Diversity and Reproduction

Topic: Seedless and Gymnosperm Plants

Subtopic: Sporulation and Sexuality

Keyword Definitions:

• Equisetum – A genus of vascular, spore-producing, homosporous plants (horsetails).

• Pinus – Gymnosperm, typically monoecious, producing male and female cones.

• Cycas – Gymnosperm, dioecious, producing male and female plants separately.

• Salvinia – Aquatic fern, heterosporous producing microspores and megaspores.

• Homosporous – Produces only one type of spore.

• Heterosporous – Produces two types of spores: microspores and megaspores.

• Dioecious – Male and female reproductive organs are on separate plants.

• Monoecious – Male and female reproductive organs are on the same plant.

• Sporophyte – Diploid phase in plant life cycle producing spores.

• Gametophyte – Haploid phase producing gametes.

Lead Question – 2017:

Select the mismatch:

(A) Equesetum – Homosporous

(B) Pinus – Dioecious

(C) Cycas – Dioecious

(D) Salvinia – Heterosporous

Explanation:

Pinus is not dioecious; it is monoecious, producing both male and female cones on the same plant. Equisetum is correctly homosporous, Cycas is dioecious, and Salvinia is heterosporous. Therefore, option B is the mismatch. (Answer: B)

1) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Which plant is homosporous?

(A) Salvinia

(B) Equisetum

(C) Pinus

(D) Cycas

Explanation:

Equisetum produces only one type of spore, making it homosporous. Salvinia is heterosporous; Pinus and Cycas produce male and female gametophytes on the same or different plants. (Answer: B)

2) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Salvinia produces:

(A) Only microspores

(B) Only megaspores

(C) Both microspores and megaspores

(D) No spores

Explanation:

Salvinia is heterosporous, producing microspores (male) and megaspores (female). This adaptation helps in sexual reproduction in aquatic environments. (Answer: C)

3) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Cycas is:

(A) Monoecious

(B) Dioecious

(C) Homosporous

(D) Non-vascular

Explanation:

Cycas is a gymnosperm that is dioecious, having separate male and female plants producing respective cones for sexual reproduction. (Answer: B)

4) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Pinus male cones produce:

(A) Seeds

(B) Spores

(C) Pollen grains

(D) Gemmae

Explanation:

Male cones of Pinus produce pollen grains containing male gametes. Female cones produce ovules. Pinus is a gymnosperm and monoecious, not dioecious. (Answer: C)

5) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Homosporous plants produce:

(A) Two types of spores

(B) Only one type of spore

(C) Seeds

(D) Gametes directly

Explanation:

Homosporous plants like Equisetum produce only one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophyte, unlike heterosporous plants producing microspores and megaspores. (Answer: B)

6) Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Dioecious plants are characterized by:

(A) Male and female organs on same plant

(B) Male and female organs on separate plants

(C) Only male organs

(D) Only female organs

Explanation:

Dioecious plants like Cycas have male and female reproductive organs on separate plants, ensuring outcrossing and genetic diversity. (Answer: B)

7) Assertion-Reason MCQ:

Assertion (A): Salvinia is heterosporous.

Reason (R): It produces microspores and megaspores for sexual reproduction.

(A) Both A and R true, R is correct explanation

(B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation

(C) A true, R false

(D) A false, R true

Explanation:

Both assertion and reason are correct. Salvinia produces microspores (male) and megaspores (female) to maintain sexual reproduction. (Answer: A)

8) Matching Type MCQ:

Match plant with spore type:

1. Equisetum – (i) Heterosporous

2. Salvinia – (ii) Homosporous

3. Pinus – (iii) Heterosporous

4. Cycas – (iv) Heterosporous

Options:

(A) 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iii, 4-iv

(B) 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv

(C) 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-iii

(D) 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-i

Explanation:

Equisetum is homosporous, Salvinia, Pinus, and Cycas are heterosporous. Correct match: 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iii, 4-iv. (Answer: A)

9) Fill in the Blanks MCQ:

_________ is a dioecious gymnosperm producing separate male and female plants.

(A) Pinus

(B) Equisetum

(C) Cycas

(D) Salvinia

Explanation:

Cycas is dioecious, producing male and female cones on separate plants. Pinus is monoecious, Equisetum and Salvinia are spore-producing pteridophytes. (Answer: C)

10) Choose the correct statements MCQ:

1. Equisetum is homosporous.

2. Pinus is dioecious.

3. Cycas is dioecious.

4. Salvinia is heterosporous.

Options:

(A) 1, 3, 4

(B) 1, 2, 4

(C) 2, 3, 4

(D) 1, 2, 3

Explanation:

Statements 1, 3, and 4 are correct. Pinus is monoecious, not dioecious. Equisetum is homosporous, Cycas is dioecious, Salvinia is heterosporous. (Answer: A)

Topic: Types of Life Cycles

Subtopic: Zygotic, Gametic, and Sporic Meiosis

Keyword Definitions:

• Zygotic meiosis – Meiosis occurs immediately after zygote formation, producing haploid cells.

• Gametic meiosis – Meiosis occurs in gametes; diploid organism is dominant.

• Sporic meiosis – Meiosis produces spores leading to alternation of generations.

• Chlamydomonas – Unicellular green alga showing zygotic meiosis.

• Marchantia – Liverwort showing sporic meiosis.

• Fucus – Brown alga with gametic meiosis.

• Funaria – Moss showing sporic meiosis with dominant gametophyte.

• Clinical/educational relevance – Understanding life cycles is essential in botany, genetics, and algal biotechnology.

Lead Question – 2017:

Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of :

(A) Chlamydomonas

(B) Marchantia

(C) Fucus

(D) Funaria

Explanation:

Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga, exhibits zygotic meiosis where the diploid zygote undergoes meiosis immediately after formation, producing haploid cells. Other options like Marchantia and Funaria show sporic meiosis, and Fucus has gametic meiosis. Zygotic meiosis is typical in many unicellular algae. (Answer: A)

1) In which type of life cycle is the haploid phase dominant?

(A) Zygotic meiosis

(B) Gametic meiosis

(C) Sporic meiosis

(D) None

Explanation:

In zygotic meiosis, haploid cells dominate the life cycle, as seen in Chlamydomonas. The diploid zygote is transient and undergoes meiosis immediately. In gametic and sporic meiosis, diploid or both diploid and haploid phases may be prominent. Haploid dominance aids adaptation in unicellular algae. (Answer: A)

2) Which alga shows gametic meiosis?

(A) Chlamydomonas

(B) Fucus

(C) Spirogyra

(D) Funaria

Explanation:

Fucus demonstrates gametic meiosis, where the diploid thallus produces gametes via meiosis. Fertilization produces a diploid zygote, maintaining a diploid-dominant life cycle. Zygotic meiosis occurs in Chlamydomonas, while Funaria and Spirogyra follow sporic and zygotic types respectively. (Answer: B)

3) In Marchantia, meiosis occurs in:

(A) Zygote

(B) Sporophyte

(C) Gametes

(D) Sporelings

Explanation:

Marchantia exhibits sporic meiosis; meiosis occurs in the sporophyte to produce haploid spores. The gametophyte is dominant. Zygotic meiosis occurs in unicellular algae like Chlamydomonas. Understanding meiosis sites helps in studying alternation of generations in plants. (Answer: B)

4) Clinical/educational case: Zygotic meiosis helps unicellular algae by:

(A) Increasing heterozygosity

(B) Rapid adaptation to environmental stress

(C) Enhancing sporophyte growth

(D) Reducing gamete formation

Explanation:

Zygotic meiosis allows unicellular algae to produce haploid cells immediately after zygote formation, enabling rapid adaptation to environmental stress. The haploid phase is dominant and ensures genetic recombination without complex multicellular structures. This aids survival in variable aquatic environments. (Answer: B)

5) Which phase is transient in zygotic meiosis?

(A) Haploid

(B) Diploid

(C) Gametophyte

(D) Sporophyte

Explanation:

The diploid zygote is transient in zygotic meiosis, undergoing meiosis immediately to produce haploid cells. The haploid phase dominates the life cycle. This contrasts with sporic or gametic meiosis where diploid phases are prominent. (Answer: B)

6) Which type of meiosis is observed in Funaria?

(A) Zygotic

(B) Gametic

(C) Sporic

(D) None

Explanation:

Funaria, a moss, exhibits sporic meiosis with alternation of generations. Meiosis occurs in the sporophyte producing spores. The haploid gametophyte is dominant. Zygotic meiosis is limited to unicellular algae like Chlamydomonas. (Answer: C)

7) Assertion-Reason type:

Assertion (A): Chlamydomonas shows zygotic meiosis.

Reason (R): Diploid zygote undergoes meiosis immediately after formation.

(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation

(C) A is true, R is false

(D) A is false, R is true

Explanation:

Both assertion and reason are correct; the zygote undergoes meiosis immediately, producing haploid cells. This rapid transition ensures haploid dominance and genetic recombination in Chlamydomonas. (Answer: A)

8) Matching type:

Match organism with type of meiosis:

(A) Chlamydomonas – (i) Zygotic

(B) Fucus – (ii) Gametic

(C) Marchantia – (iii) Sporic

(D) Funaria – (iv) Sporic

Options:

(A) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv

(B) A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii

(C) A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv

(D) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i

Explanation:

Correct matches: Chlamydomonas – zygotic, Fucus – gametic, Marchantia – sporic, Funaria – sporic. Knowing life cycle types aids plant reproductive biology studies and understanding evolutionary adaptations. (Answer: A)

9) Fill in the blanks:

In _______ meiosis, the zygote undergoes immediate division to produce haploid cells.

(A) Zygotic

(B) Gametic

(C) Sporic

(D) None

Explanation:

Zygotic meiosis occurs when the diploid zygote divides immediately to form haploid cells. This is characteristic of unicellular algae like Chlamydomonas, ensuring haploid phase dominance and efficient genetic recombination. (Answer: A)

10) Choose the correct statements:

1. Chlamydomonas exhibits zygotic meiosis.

2. Marchantia shows sporic meiosis.

3. Fucus has gametic meiosis.

4. Funaria shows gametic meiosis.

(A) 1, 2, 3 only

(B) 2, 3, 4 only

(C) 1, 3, 4 only

(D) All are correct

Explanation:

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Statement 4 is incorrect; Funaria shows sporic meiosis, not gametic. Recognizing types of meiosis in different organisms is crucial for botany, genetics, and understanding evolutionary adaptations. (Answer: A)

Topic: Plant Adaptations

Subtopic: Conifers and Their Environmental Adaptations

Keyword Definitions:

• Conifers: Gymnosperms bearing cones, mostly evergreen, adapted to cold and dry climates.

• Thick Cuticle: A waxy layer on leaves preventing excessive water loss in harsh environments.

• Stomata: Microscopic pores on leaves regulating gas exchange and transpiration.

• Vessels: Xylem components that conduct water in angiosperms; absent in most conifers.

Lead Question - 2016 (Phase 2):

Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme environmental conditions because of

(1) Presence of vessels

(2) Broad hardy leaves

(3) Superficial stomata

(4) Thick cuticle

Explanation: The correct answer is (4) Thick cuticle. Conifers possess thick cuticles on their needle-like leaves to minimize water loss and withstand cold, dry environments. Their reduced surface area and waxy coating are crucial adaptations that enable survival in extreme conditions.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

What is a major structural adaptation of conifer leaves?

(1) Large surface area

(2) Needle-like leaves

(3) Thin cuticle

(4) Broad leaves

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Needle-like leaves. These reduce surface area, minimizing water loss and damage from harsh weather, enabling conifers to survive in cold and dry environments.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Conifers primarily belong to which plant group?

(1) Angiosperms

(2) Bryophytes

(3) Gymnosperms

(4) Pteridophytes

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Gymnosperms. Conifers are gymnosperms producing naked seeds in cones, adapted for survival in extreme environments without flowers or fruit.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Why do conifers have fewer stomata than broad-leaved plants?

(1) To increase water loss

(2) To reduce transpiration

(3) To improve nutrient uptake

(4) To enhance growth

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) To reduce transpiration. Fewer stomata and a thick cuticle help conifers minimize water loss, an important adaptation for cold, dry habitats where water is scarce.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

Which substance primarily makes the conifer cuticle thick?

(1) Lignin

(2) Cellulose

(3) Waxy Cutin

(4) Pectin

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Waxy Cutin. A thick layer of cutin forms a waxy cuticle that reduces evaporation, providing resistance to environmental stress in conifers.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ (Clinical Type):

How do thick cuticles of conifers relate to human skin protection in harsh climates?

(1) Similar to wax layer preventing dehydration

(2) No relation

(3) Prevents infections

(4) Enhances vitamin D absorption

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Similar to wax layer preventing dehydration. Thick cuticles in conifers prevent water loss, analogous to the lipid layer in human skin that protects against dehydration in extreme climates.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:

What is the primary function of conifer vessels?

(1) Water conduction

(2) Not present; use tracheids

(3) Nutrient transport

(4) Photosynthesis

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Not present; use tracheids. Most conifers lack vessels found in angiosperms and rely on tracheids for water conduction and mechanical support.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:

Assertion (A): Conifers are well adapted to survive in cold climates.

Reason (R): Their needle-like leaves and thick cuticle reduce water loss and physical damage.

(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(3) A is true, but R is false.

(4) Both A and R are false.

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. Needle-like leaves and thick cuticle help conifers minimize water loss and resist cold and wind damage.

8. Matching Type MCQ:

Match the adaptation to its function:

A. Thick cuticle

B. Needle-shaped leaves

C. Reduced stomatal number

D. Resin production

1. Prevents herbivory

2. Reduces water loss

3. Reduces surface area for transpiration

4. Prevents desiccation

(1) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

(2) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

(3) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

(4) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1. Thick cuticle prevents desiccation; needle shape reduces surface area; fewer stomata reduce water loss; resin deters herbivores.

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:

Conifers mainly use ______ for water conduction instead of vessels.

(1) Tracheids

(2) Phloem

(3) Xylem vessels

(4) Sieve tubes

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Tracheids. Conifers lack vessels and rely on tracheids—long, narrow cells with thick walls—for both water conduction and structural support in extreme climates.

10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:

Select correct statements regarding conifer adaptations:

(1) Thick cuticle minimizes water loss.

(2) Needle-like leaves reduce snow accumulation.

(3) Presence of vessels aids rapid water transport.

(4) Resin production deters herbivores.

(1) 1, 2, and 4 only

(2) 2 and 3 only

(3) 1 and 3 only

(4) All of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) 1, 2, and 4 only. Conifers rely on thick cuticles, needle leaves, and resin production for survival. Vessels are absent, and they use tracheids instead.

Chapter: Plant Biology

Topic: Plant Reproduction

Subtopic: Gamete Transport in Non-vascular and Vascular Plants

Keyword Definitions:

• Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants like mosses that require water for reproduction.

• Pteridophytes: Vascular plants like ferns that reproduce via spores and need water for fertilization.

• Gametophyte: Haploid phase producing gametes in plants.

• Sporophyte: Diploid phase producing spores in plants.

2016 (Phase 1)

Lead Question: In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes requires:

• (1) Wind

• (2) Insects

• (3) Birds

• (4) Water

Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (4) Water. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, male gametes (sperm) are motile and require a thin film of water to swim towards the female gametes (eggs). This dependence on water limits their habitat to moist environments and is essential for fertilization.

Keyword Definitions:

• Angiosperms: Flowering plants with advanced reproductive structures allowing wind, water, or animal pollination.

• Pollen: Male gametophyte in seed plants, adapted for transfer by wind or animals.

2020

Single Correct Answer MCQ: In angiosperms, the male gamete is delivered to the ovule by:

• (1) Water

• (2) Insects

• (3) Direct cell division

• (4) Wind

Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Insects. In angiosperms, pollination is primarily facilitated by biotic agents like insects or abiotic agents such as wind. Insect pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from anthers to stigma, ensuring fertilization without water dependency.

Keyword Definitions:

• Archegonium: Female reproductive structure in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

• Antheridium: Male reproductive structure in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

2018

Single Correct Answer MCQ: The structure in bryophytes where male gametes are produced is called:

• (1) Archegonium

• (2) Antheridium

• (3) Sporangium

• (4) Gametangium

Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Antheridium. The antheridium produces and releases motile male gametes (sperm) in bryophytes and pteridophytes, which swim in water to reach the archegonium for fertilization. This emphasizes their dependence on a moist environment.

Keyword Definitions:

• Sporangium: Structure where spores are produced in plants.

2019

Single Correct Answer MCQ: In pteridophytes, sporangia are typically located on:

• (1) Roots

• (2) Stem

• (3) Leaf surfaces

• (4) Flowers

Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Leaf surfaces. In pteridophytes, sporangia develop on the undersides of leaves (fronds), often grouped in clusters called sori. They produce spores that develop into gametophytes, which require water for fertilization.

Keyword Definitions:

• Clinical Relevance: Understanding plant reproductive cycles helps in ecological conservation and pharmacognosy.

2021

Single Correct Answer MCQ (Clinical Type): Why is understanding water-dependent gamete transport important for ecological conservation?

• (1) To develop drought-resistant plants

• (2) To prevent extinction of moisture-dependent species

• (3) To modify genetic codes

• (4) To encourage animal pollination

Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Moisture-dependent reproduction in bryophytes and pteridophytes makes them vulnerable to habitat loss. Conservation efforts must prioritize maintaining wet habitats to sustain their life cycles and prevent species extinction, important for biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Keyword Definitions:

• Homospory: Production of one type of spore producing bisexual gametophytes.

• Heterospory: Production of two types of spores (microspores and megaspores).

2017

Assertion-Reason MCQ:

Assertion (A): Bryophytes exhibit homospory.

Reason (R): They produce only one type of spore developing into bisexual gametophyte.

• (1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

• (2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

• (3) A is true, but R is false

• (4) A is false, but R is true

Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Bryophytes produce homospores that develop into bisexual gametophytes, which contain both male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) reproductive organs. This ensures self-fertilization or fertilization when water allows male gametes to reach female gametes.

Keyword Definitions:

• Hydrophilous Pollination: Pollination facilitated by water.

2015

Matching Type MCQ: Match the plant group with their mode of male gamete transport:

A. Bryophytes       1. Water

B. Pteridophytes    2. Water

C. Angiosperms      3. Insects/Wind

• (1) A-1, B-2, C-3

• (2) A-3, B-1, C-2

• (3) A-2, B-1, C-3

• (4) A-1, B-3, C-2

Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (1) A-1, B-2, C-3. Both bryophytes and pteridophytes rely on water for transporting motile male gametes to female gametes. Angiosperms primarily use insects or wind, allowing reproduction in diverse habitats without water dependency.

Keyword Definitions:

• Reproductive Adaptation: Evolutionary modifications enabling survival in diverse environments.

2018

Fill in the Blanks MCQ: The gametes in bryophytes require __________ for fertilization.

• (1) Air

• (2) Insects

• (3) Water

• (4) Soil nutrients

Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Water. Bryophytes rely on water for fertilization because their male gametes are flagellated and swim through a thin film of water to reach the archegonium. This restricts their habitats to moist environments, highlighting their ecological vulnerability.

Keyword Definitions:

• Ecological Significance: Role of organisms in maintaining ecosystem structure and function.

2022

Choose the correct statements MCQ:

• 1. Bryophytes require water for fertilization.

• 2. Pteridophytes use wind for male gamete transport.

• 3. In angiosperms, fertilization is independent of water.

• 4. Bryophytes and pteridophytes are completely aquatic plants.

• (1) 1 and 3 only

• (2) 1, 2, and 3 only

• (3) 2 and 4 only

• (4) All statements are correct

Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Bryophytes require water for fertilization; pteridophytes also rely on water, not wind, for male gamete transport. Angiosperms are independent of water due to specialized reproductive structures. Neither bryophytes nor pteridophytes are entirely aquatic; they thrive in moist terrestrial environments.

Keywords:

• Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants that do not form flowers or fruits; seeds are exposed on cones.

• Homosporous: Produces spores of one kind that develop into bisexual gametophytes.

• Heterosporous: Produces two types of spores: microspores (male) and megaspores (female).

• Salvinia: Aquatic fern; heterosporous, not a gymnosperm.

• Ginkgo: Gymnosperm with fan-shaped leaves; dioecious and heterosporous.

• Pinus: Gymnosperm; produces male and female cones; heterosporous.

• Sequoia: Tallest trees in the world, gymnosperms.

• Adaptations: Gymnosperm leaves like needles are adapted to extremes of climate.

• Clinical relevance: Some gymnosperms like Ginkgo have medicinal value and antioxidant properties.

• Conifers: Gymnosperms producing cones; needle-shaped leaves reduce water loss.

• Seed habit: Seeds exposed on scales or cones.

Chapter: Plant Diversity

Topic: Gymnosperms

Subtopic: General Characteristics

Lead Question - 2016 (Phase 1): Select the correct statement:

(1) Gymnosperms are both homosporous and heterosporous
(2) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms
(3) Sequoia is one of the tallest trees
(4) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted to extremes of climate

Answer: 3

Explanation: Sequoia is a gymnosperm and among the tallest trees in the world. Gymnosperms are mostly heterosporous, leaves are adapted to extreme climates (e.g., needles in Pinus), and Salvinia is a fern, not a gymnosperm.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ: Which gymnosperm has fan-shaped leaves?

(A) Pinus
(B) Sequoia
(C) Ginkgo
(D) Cycas

Answer: C

Explanation: Ginkgo biloba has fan-shaped leaves and is a gymnosperm. It is dioecious and heterosporous, unlike Pinus or Cycas.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ: Gymnosperms are generally:

(A) Homosporous
(B) Heterosporous
(C) Both
(D) Non-sporiferous

Answer: B

Explanation: Most gymnosperms produce two types of spores (microspores and megaspores), making them heterosporous.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ: The leaves of gymnosperms are adapted to:

(A) High humidity only
(B) Extreme climate conditions
(C) Aquatic habitat
(D) Shade only

Answer: B

Explanation: Needle-shaped leaves in gymnosperms like Pinus reduce water loss and tolerate extreme cold or dry climates.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ: Which of the following is not a gymnosperm?

(A) Pinus
(B) Cycas
(C) Salvinia
(D) Sequoia

Answer: C

Explanation: Salvinia is an aquatic fern, a pteridophyte, not a gymnosperm.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ: Tallest gymnosperm trees belong to:

(A) Pinus
(B) Sequoia
(C) Cycas
(D) Ginkgo

Answer: B

Explanation: Sequoia trees are among the tallest living gymnosperms, reaching over 100 meters in height.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ: Gymnosperm seeds are:

(A) Enclosed in fruits
(B) Exposed on scales or cones
(C) Produced only in flowers
(D) Microscopic spores only

Answer: B

Explanation: Seeds in gymnosperms are exposed, not enclosed in fruits, typically on cones or modified scales.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Gymnosperms are mostly heterosporous.
Reason (R): They produce male and female gametophytes from different spores.

(A) Both A and R true, R explains A
(B) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(C) A true, R false
(D) A false, R true

Answer: A

Explanation: Gymnosperms produce microspores and megaspores, leading to male and female gametophytes, making them heterosporous.

8. Matching Type MCQ: Match gymnosperm with feature:

1. Pinus   A. Fan-shaped leaves
2. Ginkgo   B. Needle-shaped leaves
3. Cycas   C. Large pinnate leaves
4. Sequoia   D. Tallest tree

(A) 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-D
(B) 1-A, 2-B, 3-D, 4-C
(C) 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
(D) 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D

Answer: A

Explanation: Pinus has needle leaves, Ginkgo fan-shaped leaves, Cycas pinnate leaves, Sequoia are the tallest gymnosperm trees.

9. Fill in the Blanks: Most gymnosperms are ________ and produce seeds on ________.

(A) Homosporous; flowers
(B) Heterosporous; cones
(C) Homosporous; cones
(D) Heterosporous; fruits

Answer: B

Explanation: Gymnosperms are heterosporous, producing microspores and megaspores, and their seeds are borne on cones.

10. Choose the Correct Statements:
(A) Gymnosperms produce seeds exposed on scales.
(B) Salvinia is a gymnosperm.
(C) Sequoia is among the tallest trees.
(D) Gymnosperm leaves are adapted to extreme climates.

(1) A, B, C
(2) B, C, D
(3) A, C, D
(4) All are correct

Answer: 3

Explanation: Statements A, C, and D are correct. Salvinia is a fern, not a gymnosperm.