Plant Kinngdom

Topic: Bryophytes; Subtopic: Gemmae and Asexual Reproduction

Keyword Definitions:

• Bryophytes: Non-vascular land plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which depend on water for reproduction.

• Gemmae: Small, multicellular, asexual reproductive bodies that can develop into new individuals.

• Asexual Reproduction: Formation of new individuals without gamete fusion, often by vegetative propagules like gemmae.

• Thallus: The body of bryophytes lacking true roots, stems, or leaves.

• Fragmentation: A form of asexual reproduction where a part of the thallus detaches and grows into a new plant.

Lead Question - 2025

In bryophytes, the gemmae help in which one of the following:

(1) Sexual reproduction

(2) Asexual reproduction

(3) Nutrient absorption

(4) Gaseous exchange

Explanation:

Gemmae are specialized structures for asexual reproduction found in liverworts like Marchantia. These small, multicellular bodies are formed inside gemma cups on the thallus. When dispersed by rainwater, each gemma develops into a new plant genetically identical to the parent. Thus, the correct answer is Asexual reproduction. Gemmae enable vegetative propagation and colony expansion.

1. Gemma cups in Marchantia are primarily involved in:

(1) Spore formation

(2) Sexual reproduction

(3) Vegetative propagation

(4) Photosynthesis

2. Which of the following is not a bryophyte?

(1) Riccia

(2) Polytrichum

(3) Funaria

(4) Selaginella

3. Which statement best describes bryophytes?

(1) They have true roots and vascular tissues.

(2) They require water for fertilization.

(3) Their dominant phase is diploid sporophyte.

(4) They reproduce only sexually.

4. Assertion (A): Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom.

Reason (R): They require water for reproduction.

(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(3) A is true, but R is false.

(4) A is false, but R is true.

5. Match the following:

List-I (Organism) — List-II (Reproductive Structure)

A. Marchantia — I. Gemmae

B. Funaria — II. Antheridium

C. Riccia — III. Archegonium

D. Pellia — IV. Protonema

(1) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III

(2) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

(3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

(4) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

6. The dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes is:

(1) Sporophyte

(2) Gametophyte

(3) Zygote

(4) Embryo

7. Fill in the blanks:

In bryophytes, the ________ remains attached to and dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition.

(1) Sporangium

(2) Sporophyte

(3) Gemma cup

(4) Antheridium

8. Choose the correct statements:

Statement I: Gemmae represent sexual reproduction.

Statement II: Gemmae are involved in vegetative propagation.

(1) Both statements are correct.

(2) Both statements are incorrect.

(3) Statement I is correct, Statement II is incorrect.

(4) Statement I is incorrect, Statement II is correct.

9. Which of the following bryophytes shows the presence of both sexual and asexual reproduction?

(1) Marchantia

(2) Chlamydomonas

(3) Spirogyra

(4) Ulothrix

10. In Marchantia, the gemmae are produced inside:

(1) Antheridia

(2) Archegonia

(3) Gemma cups

(4) Capsules

Explanation:

In Marchantia, gemmae are minute green discs produced inside gemma cups present on the dorsal surface of the thallus. When rainwater splashes them out, they germinate into new individuals, ensuring rapid vegetative propagation. This adaptation helps bryophytes colonize moist habitats effectively. Hence, the correct answer is Gemma cups.

Topic: Classification of Plants; Subtopic: Major Plant Groups and Their Examples

Keyword Definitions:
• Pteridophyte: Vascular plants that reproduce through spores and lack seeds or flowers (e.g., Ferns, Salvinia).
• Bryophyte: Non-vascular plants found in moist environments, reproducing through spores (e.g., Moss, Polytrichum).
• Gymnosperm: Seed-bearing plants with naked seeds not enclosed in fruits (e.g., Ginkgo, Cycas).
• Angiosperm: Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within fruits (e.g., Salvia, Mango).

Lead Question – 2025
Match List-I with List-II

List-I          List-II
A. Pteridophyte  I. Salvia
B. Bryophyte   II. Ginkgo
C. Angiosperm  III. Polytrichum
D. Gymnosperm  IV. Salvinia

Choose the option with all correct matches:
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Explanation: Pteridophytes like Salvinia reproduce via spores. Bryophytes such as Polytrichum are non-vascular spore-bearing plants. Angiosperms like Salvia produce seeds enclosed in fruits. Gymnosperms like Ginkgo bear naked seeds without fruits. Hence, the correct matching is A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II. Answer: (2)

1. Which of the following is a bryophyte?
(1) Funaria
(2) Selaginella
(3) Ginkgo
(4) Salvia

Explanation: Funaria is a bryophyte, belonging to the group of non-vascular plants that thrive in moist environments. They lack true roots, stems, and leaves and reproduce via spores instead of seeds, forming a transitional link between algae and vascular plants. Answer: (1)

2. Which one of the following plants produces seeds but not fruits?
(1) Cycas
(2) Wheat
(3) Mango
(4) Salvia

Explanation: Cycas is a gymnosperm, which produces naked seeds that are not enclosed in fruits. Gymnosperms represent an evolutionary advancement over pteridophytes but lack the characteristic fruit formation seen in angiosperms. Answer: (1)

3. The dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes is:
(1) Sporophyte
(2) Gametophyte
(3) Both are equally dominant
(4) None of these

Explanation: In bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant, independent, and photosynthetic phase, while the sporophyte is dependent and short-lived. This distinguishes them from vascular plants, where the sporophyte dominates. Answer: (2)

4. Assertion (A): Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed within fruits.
Reason (R): Ovules of angiosperms are enclosed within ovaries that mature into fruits after fertilization.
(1) Both A and R are true and R explains A
(2) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A
(3) A is true but R is false
(4) A is false but R is true

Explanation: Angiosperms have ovules enclosed within an ovary, and after fertilization, the ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seeds. Thus, both assertion and reason are true, and R correctly explains A. Answer: (1)

5. Match the plant group with its example:
A. Algae  1. Chara
B. Bryophyte 2. Funaria
C. Pteridophyte 3. Lycopodium
D. Gymnosperm 4. Pinus

(1) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
(2) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(3) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
(4) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

Explanation: Chara belongs to algae, Funaria to bryophytes, Lycopodium to pteridophytes, and Pinus to gymnosperms. Each group shows distinct evolutionary advancements, especially in vascular and reproductive structures. Answer: (2)

6. Which of the following is a heterosporous pteridophyte?
(1) Selaginella
(2) Adiantum
(3) Pteris
(4) Lycopodium

Explanation: Selaginella is a heterosporous pteridophyte producing two types of spores—microspores and megaspores. Heterospory is an important evolutionary step leading toward the seed habit seen in higher plants. Answer: (1)

7. Fill in the blank: In gymnosperms, seeds are ________.
(1) Enclosed within fruits
(2) Naked
(3) Absent
(4) Formed in sporangia

Explanation: Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants where seeds are exposed or “naked,” not enclosed within fruits. This feature distinguishes them from angiosperms, which have covered seeds within fruits formed from ovaries. Answer: (2)

8. Choose the correct statements:
Statement I: Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom.
Statement II: They require water for fertilization.
(1) Both statements are true
(2) Both statements are false
(3) Statement I true, Statement II false
(4) Statement I false, Statement II true

Explanation: Bryophytes are amphibians of the plant kingdom as they need water for sexual reproduction. Water helps sperm reach the egg, leading to fertilization. Hence, both statements are true. Answer: (1)

9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pteridophytes?
(1) Presence of vascular tissue
(2) Seed formation
(3) Independent sporophyte
(4) Spore-based reproduction

Explanation: Pteridophytes possess vascular tissues and reproduce through spores, but they lack seed formation. Their sporophyte is independent and photosynthetic, representing the main phase of their life cycle. Answer: (2)

10. The first plants to develop vascular tissues were:
(1) Algae
(2) Bryophytes
(3) Pteridophytes
(4) Gymnosperms

Explanation: Pteridophytes were the first terrestrial plants to develop xylem and phloem, enabling efficient transport of water and nutrients. This adaptation marked a significant evolutionary step toward the complex vascular systems seen in seed-bearing plants. Answer: (3)

Topic: Gymnosperms; Subtopic: Characteristics and Reproduction

Keyword Definitions:

• Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants whose seeds are not enclosed within fruits.

• Sporophyte: Diploid phase in the life cycle of plants that produces spores.

• Cones: Reproductive structures in gymnosperms bearing male and female organs.

• Seeds: Embryonic plants enclosed in a protective outer covering formed after fertilization.

• Pollination: Transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive organs for fertilization.

Lead Question - 2025
Which one of the following is the characteristic feature of gymnosperms?
(1) Seeds are enclosed in fruits.
(2) Seeds are naked.
(3) Seeds are absent.
(4) Gymnosperms have flowers for reproduction.

Explanation:
Gymnosperms are vascular plants producing naked seeds that are not enclosed by fruits. Their seeds develop on the surface of scales or leaves, usually forming cones. They do not produce flowers or fruits but reproduce through male and female cones. The correct answer is (2) Seeds are naked.

1. In gymnosperms, the reproductive structures are known as:
(1) Flowers
(2) Cones
(3) Fruits
(4) Sporangia

Explanation:
Gymnosperms reproduce through cones, not flowers or fruits. Male cones produce pollen grains, and female cones bear ovules. After fertilization, seeds develop exposed on cone scales. Thus, cones are the key reproductive structures of gymnosperms. The correct answer is (2) Cones.

2. Which of the following gymnosperms is commonly known as the living fossil?
(1) Pinus
(2) Ginkgo biloba
(3) Cycas
(4) Thuja

Explanation:
Ginkgo biloba, often called the “living fossil,” has remained unchanged for millions of years and is the only surviving species of its division. It shows ancient features resembling extinct gymnosperms. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Ginkgo biloba.

3. In gymnosperms, the male gametophyte is represented by:
(1) Ovule
(2) Microspore
(3) Pollen grain
(4) Archegonium

Explanation:
The pollen grain represents the male gametophyte in gymnosperms. It develops from the microspore and produces male gametes for fertilization. The pollen is carried by wind to the female cone for reproduction. Thus, the correct answer is (3) Pollen grain.

4. Which of the following plants is a gymnosperm?
(1) Mango
(2) Cycas
(3) Rose
(4) Sunflower

Explanation:
Cycas is a gymnosperm showing naked seeds, vascular tissues, and cones for reproduction. It lacks flowers and fruits, unlike angiosperms. Cycas also exhibits motile sperms, a primitive characteristic among seed plants. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Cycas.

5. Which statement about gymnosperms is true?
(1) They are non-vascular plants.
(2) They have flowers and fruits.
(3) They produce naked seeds.
(4) They reproduce by spores only.

Explanation:
Gymnosperms are vascular plants with naked seeds, not enclosed by fruit walls. They possess xylem and phloem tissues for conduction. Reproduction occurs via cones and seeds, not spores. Thus, the correct answer is (3) They produce naked seeds.

6. Gymnosperms differ from angiosperms mainly by:
(1) Absence of flowers and fruits
(2) Absence of vascular tissues
(3) Presence of double fertilization
(4) Lack of seeds

Explanation:
Gymnosperms lack flowers and fruits. Their seeds are naked and not enclosed within an ovary wall. Angiosperms, in contrast, show double fertilization and produce fruits. Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Absence of flowers and fruits.

Assertion-Reason Type:
7. Assertion (A): Gymnosperms produce naked seeds.
Reason (R): Their ovules are enclosed within ovaries.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true but R is false.
(4) A is false but R is true.

Explanation:
Gymnosperms produce naked seeds because their ovules are not enclosed in ovaries. Hence, R is false. The seeds develop on cone scales, not within fruits. Thus, A is true but R is false. The correct answer is (3) A is true but R is false.

Matching Type:
8. Match the following gymnosperms with their characteristics:
List I - Plant
A. Pinus
B. Cycas
C. Gnetum
D. Ginkgo

List II - Feature
1. Motile sperms
2. Winged seeds
3. Broad leaves
4. Fan-shaped leaves

(1) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
(2) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(3) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
(4) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1

Explanation:
Pinus has winged seeds, Cycas has motile sperms, Gnetum has broad leaves, and Ginkgo has fan-shaped leaves. These distinct traits help identify different gymnosperm genera. Therefore, the correct matching is (1) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4.

Fill in the Blanks:
9. In gymnosperms, fertilization results in the formation of a __________ which develops into a naked seed.
(1) Embryo
(2) Endosperm
(3) Ovary
(4) Sporangium

Explanation:
After fertilization in gymnosperms, the zygote develops into an embryo. This embryo is housed within a seed that remains exposed (naked). Unlike angiosperms, there is no fruit formation since ovaries are absent. The correct answer is (1) Embryo.

Choose the Correct Statements:
10. Statement I: Gymnosperms possess well-developed vascular tissues.
Statement II: Gymnosperms lack true flowers and fruits.
(1) Both statements are correct.
(2) Only Statement I is correct.
(3) Only Statement II is correct.
(4) Both statements are incorrect.

Explanation:
Gymnosperms have well-developed vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) and reproduce without flowers or fruits. Their seeds remain naked. Therefore, both statements are correct. The correct answer is (1) Both statements are correct.

Topic: Floral Symmetry; Subtopic: Actinomorphic and Zygomorphic Flowers

Keyword Definitions:

• Zygomorphic flower: A flower that can be divided into two equal halves only along one specific vertical plane.

• Actinomorphic flower: A flower that can be divided into two equal halves along any vertical plane passing through the center.

• Symmetry: The arrangement of floral parts with respect to the axis of the flower.

• Corolla: The whorl of petals in a flower, often brightly colored and involved in pollination.

Lead Question - 2025

Which of the following is an example of a zygomorphic flower:
(1) Petunia
(2) Datura
(3) Pea
(4) Chilli

Explanation:
Zygomorphic flowers, such as those found in Pea (Pisum sativum), have bilateral symmetry and can be divided into equal halves only along a single plane. This arrangement helps in specialized pollination by insects. Actinomorphic flowers like Datura or Petunia show radial symmetry. Hence, Pea is the correct example. Answer: (3) Pea.

Guessed Questions:

1. Which type of floral symmetry is shown by Datura?
(1) Actinomorphic
(2) Zygomorphic
(3) Asymmetric
(4) Irregular
Explanation: Datura exhibits actinomorphic symmetry, meaning it can be divided into two equal halves along any vertical plane passing through the center. Such flowers attract a variety of pollinators. Answer: (1) Actinomorphic.

2. Flowers of which plant show bilateral symmetry?
(1) Hibiscus
(2) Pea
(3) Mustard
(4) Lily
Explanation: Bilateral symmetry, or zygomorphy, is found in Pea flowers. They are adapted for pollination by specific pollinators due to their structure, including standard, wings, and keel petals. Answer: (2) Pea.

3. Zygomorphic flowers are characteristic of which plant family?
(1) Solanaceae
(2) Fabaceae
(3) Liliaceae
(4) Brassicaceae
Explanation: The Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family, including Pea and Bean, shows zygomorphic flowers with a papilionaceous corolla having distinct standard, wings, and keel petals. Answer: (2) Fabaceae.

4. Actinomorphic symmetry is found in:
(1) Pea
(2) Gulmohar
(3) Datura
(4) Clitoria
Explanation: Datura flowers are actinomorphic, with all floral parts arranged radially around the axis. This allows multiple planes of symmetry, unlike the bilateral symmetry of zygomorphic flowers. Answer: (3) Datura.

5. Which of the following represents an asymmetric flower?
(1) Pea
(2) Canna
(3) Datura
(4) Mustard
Explanation: Canna flowers are asymmetric, meaning they cannot be divided into two equal halves in any plane. This irregular symmetry is rare among flowering plants. Answer: (2) Canna.

6. In papilionaceous corolla, which petal is the largest and outermost?
(1) Keel
(2) Wing
(3) Standard
(4) Sepal
Explanation: In papilionaceous corolla, found in Fabaceae, the largest petal is the standard or vexillum, which helps attract pollinators and protects other floral parts. Answer: (3) Standard.

Assertion–Reason Type Question:
Assertion (A): Zygomorphic flowers show bilateral symmetry.
Reason (R): All zygomorphic flowers can be divided into two equal halves along multiple planes.
(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(3) A is true but R is false
(4) A is false but R is true
Explanation: Zygomorphic flowers exhibit bilateral symmetry and can be divided into equal halves only along a single plane, not multiple planes. Hence, R is false. Answer: (3) A is true but R is false.

Matching Type Question:
Match the following pairs:
List I – Flower | List II – Type of Symmetry
A. Pea | (i) Asymmetric
B. Datura | (ii) Actinomorphic
C. Canna | (iii) Zygomorphic
(1) A–iii, B–ii, C–i
(2) A–ii, B–i, C–iii
(3) A–i, B–iii, C–ii
(4) A–iii, B–i, C–ii
Explanation: Pea has zygomorphic symmetry, Datura is actinomorphic, and Canna is asymmetric. Answer: (1) A–iii, B–ii, C–i.

Fill in the Blanks:
In a zygomorphic flower, the floral parts are arranged such that the flower can be divided into two equal halves only along ________ plane.
(1) One
(2) Two
(3) Three
(4) Many
Explanation: Zygomorphic flowers possess bilateral symmetry, hence they can be divided into equal halves along only one vertical plane, aiding in specialized pollination. Answer: (1) One.

Choose the Correct Statements:
Statement I: Actinomorphic flowers can be divided into equal halves by only one plane.
Statement II: Zygomorphic flowers can be divided into two equal halves only along a single plane.
(1) Both statements are true
(2) Only Statement I is true
(3) Only Statement II is true
(4) Both statements are false
Explanation: Actinomorphic flowers are radially symmetrical and can be divided along multiple planes, while zygomorphic flowers are bilaterally symmetrical and divide along one plane. Hence, only Statement II is correct. Answer: (3) Only Statement II is true.

Topic: Seed and Fruit Subtopic: Structure of Monocot and Dicot Seeds

Keyword Definitions:

• Endosperm: Nutritive tissue that nourishes the developing embryo in a seed.

• Aleurone layer: Protein-rich outermost layer of the endosperm in cereal grains.

• Embryo: The young plant developing inside a seed formed after fertilization.

• Scutellum: A single cotyledon in monocot seeds that absorbs food from endosperm.

• Coleoptile: Protective sheath covering the emerging plumule in monocot seeds.

Lead Question (2025)

In the seeds of cereals, the outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a protein-rich layer called:

(1) Coleoptile

(2) Coleorhiza

(3) Integument

(4) Aleurone layer

Explanation:

In cereal grains like wheat and maize, the endosperm stores food for germination. The outermost layer of the endosperm is the aleurone layer, rich in proteins and enzymes. It separates the endosperm from the embryo and secretes hydrolytic enzymes during germination, converting stored starch into sugars for the growing embryo.

Answer: (4) Aleurone layer.

1. In maize seed, which part is responsible for absorption of nutrients from the endosperm during germination?

(1) Scutellum

(2) Aleurone layer

(3) Coleoptile

(4) Plumule

Explanation:

The scutellum in monocot seeds such as maize acts as the single cotyledon. It absorbs nutrients from the endosperm and transfers them to the developing embryo during germination. The aleurone layer only releases enzymes; actual nutrient absorption is done by the scutellum.

Answer: (1) Scutellum.

2. Which part of a monocot seed encloses the radicle and protects it during germination?

(1) Coleoptile

(2) Coleorhiza

(3) Scutellum

(4) Plumule

Explanation:

The coleorhiza is a protective sheath covering the radicle in monocot seeds. It facilitates the emergence of the root through the soil while protecting delicate tissues. The coleoptile, on the other hand, protects the plumule (shoot apex).

Answer: (2) Coleorhiza.

3. Which of the following statements about endosperm is correct?

(1) It is always haploid.

(2) It is formed before fertilization.

(3) It is triploid in most angiosperms.

(4) It does not store food.

Explanation:

In angiosperms, the endosperm is formed after double fertilization when one male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei, resulting in a triploid (3n) structure. It serves as a nutritive tissue for the developing embryo. Hence, it is triploid in most flowering plants.

Answer: (3) It is triploid in most angiosperms.

4. Assertion (A): The aleurone layer plays an important role in seed germination.

Reason (R): It secretes enzymes that hydrolyze stored food materials in the endosperm.

(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(3) A is true but R is false

(4) A is false but R is true

Explanation:

The aleurone layer contains proteins and enzymes essential for germination. It releases amylase and protease in response to gibberellins from the embryo, converting starch and proteins of the endosperm into soluble nutrients. Hence both statements are true and R correctly explains A.

Answer: (1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

5. Match the following:

List I (Structure) – List II (Function)

A. Scutellum – (i) Enzyme secretion

B. Coleoptile – (ii) Protects radicle

C. Aleurone layer – (iii) Absorbs nutrients

D. Coleorhiza – (iv) Protects plumule

(1) A–iii, B–iv, C–i, D–ii

(2) A–iv, B–iii, C–ii, D–i

(3) A–i, B–ii, C–iii, D–iv

(4) A–ii, B–i, C–iv, D–iii

Explanation:

The scutellum absorbs nutrients, coleoptile protects the plumule, aleurone layer secretes enzymes for digestion, and coleorhiza protects the radicle. Each structure supports seed germination by coordinating protection and nourishment of the embryo.

Answer: (1) A–iii, B–iv, C–i, D–ii.

6. The process of double fertilization in angiosperms results in formation of—

(1) Embryo and integument

(2) Endosperm and pericarp

(3) Embryo and endosperm

(4) Cotyledons and hilum

Explanation:

In double fertilization, one male gamete fuses with the egg to form the zygote (embryo), while the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm. This unique process is characteristic of flowering plants and ensures both embryo and endosperm development simultaneously.

Answer: (3) Embryo and endosperm.

7. In cereal seeds, food materials like starch and proteins are stored in which part?

(1) Cotyledon

(2) Aleurone layer

(3) Endosperm

(4) Pericarp

Explanation:

Cereal seeds like wheat and maize store large amounts of starch and proteins in the endosperm. The aleurone layer covers the endosperm but mainly functions enzymatically, not for food storage. Thus, the main storage tissue of cereals is the endosperm.

Answer: (3) Endosperm.

8. Fill in the Blank:

During seed germination in cereals, the enzyme α-amylase is secreted by the __________ layer.

(1) Scutellum

(2) Aleurone

(3) Endosperm

(4) Plumule

Explanation:

During germination, gibberellins released by the embryo stimulate the aleurone layer to secrete α-amylase, which hydrolyzes starch into sugars used by the embryo. This conversion provides instant energy for early growth and establishment of the seedling.

Answer: (2) Aleurone.

9. Choose the correct statements (Statement I & Statement II):

Statement I: Aleurone layer is a living tissue of the endosperm.

Statement II: It stores starch as reserve food material.

(1) Both statements are correct

(2) Both statements are incorrect

(3) Statement I is correct, Statement II is incorrect

(4) Statement I is incorrect, Statement II is correct

Explanation:

The aleurone layer is a living layer of protein-rich cells surrounding the endosperm. It stores proteins but not starch. Its primary function is to secrete enzymes during germination. Therefore, only Statement I is correct, and Statement II is incorrect.

Answer: (3) Statement I is correct, Statement II is incorrect.

10. The outermost covering of a maize grain is formed by—

(1) Testa and pericarp fused together

(2) Endosperm

(3) Integument only

(4) Aleurone layer

Explanation:

In maize grain, the fruit wall (pericarp) and seed coat (testa) are fused to form a single protective covering called the seed coat. This feature distinguishes caryopsis fruits like cereals, where the ovary wall and seed coat unite tightly.

Answer: (1) Testa and pericarp fused together.

Topic: Bryophytes; Subtopic: Life Cycle Events

Keyword Definitions:
• Antherozoid: A motile male gamete found in bryophytes and algae.
• Gametophyte: The haploid phase of the plant life cycle that produces gametes.
• Sporophyte: The diploid phase producing spores after meiosis.
• Reduction division: A process where chromosome number is halved during meiosis.
• Spores: Haploid cells capable of developing into new gametophytes without fusion.

Lead Question – 2025
The correct sequence of events in the life cycle of bryophytes is:
A. Fusion of antherozoid with egg.
B. Attachment of gametophyte to substratum.
C. Reduction division to produce haploid spores.
D. Formation of sporophyte.
E. Release of antherozoids into water.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) D, E, A, C, B
(2) B, E, A, C, D
(3) B, E, A, D, C
(4) D, E, A, B, C

Explanation: The life cycle of bryophytes begins with gametophyte attachment (B), followed by the release of antherozoids into water (E), fusion with the egg (A), formation of a diploid sporophyte (D), and meiosis producing haploid spores (C). Thus, the correct sequence is B → E → A → D → C. Answer: (3)

1. The dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes is:
(1) Sporophyte
(2) Gametophyte
(3) Zygote
(4) Spore

Explanation: In bryophytes, the gametophyte is dominant and photosynthetic, forming the main plant body. The sporophyte remains attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. This distinguishes bryophytes from pteridophytes and seed plants. Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Gametophyte.

2. The bryophyte sporophyte develops from:
(1) Egg
(2) Spore
(3) Zygote
(4) Archegonium

Explanation: The zygote, formed after fertilization of the egg by the antherozoid, divides mitotically to form the sporophyte. The sporophyte remains attached to the gametophyte and depends on it for nutrition. Hence, the correct answer is (3) Zygote.

3. In bryophytes, fertilization requires:
(1) Wind
(2) Insects
(3) Water
(4) Birds

Explanation: Bryophytes depend on a film of water for fertilization. The motile male gametes (antherozoids) swim through water to reach the egg in the archegonium. Thus, water acts as a medium for gamete transfer. The correct answer is (3) Water.

4. Which part of bryophyte sporophyte is responsible for spore dispersal?
(1) Foot
(2) Seta
(3) Capsule
(4) Archegonium

Explanation: The capsule of bryophyte sporophyte contains spore mother cells that undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores. The capsule later ruptures to release the spores for dispersal. Hence, the correct answer is (3) Capsule.

5. The structure that anchors the bryophyte gametophyte to the substratum is:
(1) Root hair
(2) Rhizoid
(3) Seta
(4) Foot

Explanation: Bryophytes lack true roots. Instead, they have rhizoids, filamentous outgrowths that anchor the gametophyte to the substrate and help in water absorption. Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Rhizoid.

6. Reduction division in bryophytes occurs in:
(1) Gametophyte
(2) Antheridium
(3) Archegonium
(4) Capsule

Explanation: Meiosis or reduction division occurs in the spore mother cells present within the capsule of the sporophyte. This process produces haploid spores, which germinate to form the gametophyte. Hence, the correct answer is (4) Capsule.

7. Assertion–Reason:
Assertion (A): Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom.
Reason (R): They require water for completion of their life cycle, especially for fertilization.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true, R is false.
(4) A is false, R is true.

Explanation: Bryophytes need water for fertilization, as antherozoids swim to reach eggs. They live in moist environments but are not fully aquatic. Therefore, they are termed “amphibians of the plant kingdom.” Answer: (1).

8. Matching Type Question:
Match the following:
A. Liverworts → (i) Marchantia
B. Mosses → (ii) Funaria
C. Hornworts → (iii) Anthoceros

(1) A–i, B–ii, C–iii
(2) A–ii, B–iii, C–i
(3) A–iii, B–i, C–ii
(4) A–i, B–iii, C–ii

Explanation: Liverworts include Marchantia, mosses include Funaria, and hornworts include Anthoceros. These are representative genera of bryophytes. Hence, the correct matching is A–i, B–ii, C–iii. Answer: (1).

9. Fill in the Blanks:
In bryophytes, the male reproductive organ is called ________ and the female organ is called ________.
(1) Archegonium, Antheridium
(2) Antheridium, Archegonium
(3) Capsule, Rhizoid
(4) Seta, Capsule

Explanation: The male sex organ in bryophytes is called antheridium, which produces motile antherozoids. The female sex organ is the archegonium, which contains a single egg. Fertilization occurs inside the archegonium. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Antheridium, Archegonium.

10. Choose the Correct Statements:
Statement I: Sporophyte in bryophytes is dependent on the gametophyte.
Statement II: In bryophytes, both gametophyte and sporophyte are free-living.
(1) Only Statement I is correct.
(2) Only Statement II is correct.
(3) Both Statements I and II are correct.
(4) Both Statements I and II are incorrect.

Explanation: The bryophyte sporophyte is attached to and dependent on the gametophyte for nourishment, as it lacks chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesize. Thus, only Statement I is correct. The correct answer is (1) Only Statement I is correct.

Topic: Pteridophytes; Subtopic: Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations

Keyword Definitions:
• Pteridophytes: Vascular cryptogams that reproduce through spores and show alternation of generations.
• Prothallus: The heart-shaped haploid gametophyte of pteridophytes bearing sex organs.
• Archegonia: Female sex organ of gametophyte producing eggs.
• Antheridia: Male sex organ producing motile antherozoids.
• Meiosis: Reductional division producing haploid spores from diploid spore mother cells.

Lead Question – 2025
Given below are the stages in the life cycle of pteridophytes. Arrange the following stages in the correct sequence:
A. Prothallus stage
B. Meiosis in spore mother cells
C. Fertilisation
D. Formation of archegonia and antheridia in gametophyte
E. Transfer of antherozoids to the archegonia in presence of water

(1) B, A, D, E, C
(2) B, A, E, C, D
(3) D, E, C, A, B
(4) E, D, C, B, A

Explanation:
The correct sequential order in the life cycle of pteridophytes is: Meiosis → Prothallus formation → Formation of sex organs → Transfer of antherozoids → Fertilisation. After meiosis in spore mother cells, spores germinate into gametophytes (prothallus). Archegonia and antheridia form next. Antherozoids reach archegonia with water and fertilisation forms a zygote. Therefore, the correct answer is (1) B, A, D, E, C.

1. The dominant phase in the life cycle of pteridophytes is
(1) Sporophyte
(2) Gametophyte
(3) Prothallus
(4) Spore

Explanation:
Pteridophytes show a heteromorphic alternation of generations where the sporophyte is the dominant, photosynthetic, and independent phase. It produces spores through meiosis, while the gametophyte is small and short-lived. Thus, the correct answer is (1) Sporophyte, which forms the main plant body of ferns and similar species.

2. The prothallus in pteridophytes represents the
(1) Sporophyte generation
(2) Gametophyte generation
(3) Diploid generation
(4) Sporangium stage

Explanation:
The prothallus is the free-living, haploid gametophytic stage of pteridophytes. It bears the sex organs — antheridia and archegonia — which produce gametes for fertilisation. After fertilisation, the diploid sporophyte arises. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Gametophyte generation.

3. The transfer of antherozoids to archegonia in pteridophytes requires
(1) Wind
(2) Water
(3) Insects
(4) Animals

Explanation:
Pteridophytes depend on a film of water for fertilisation. The motile male gametes (antherozoids) swim through water to reach the archegonia and fuse with eggs. This dependency on water restricts their distribution to moist habitats. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Water.

4. The zygote in pteridophytes develops into
(1) Gametophyte
(2) Sporophyte
(3) Prothallus
(4) Antheridium

Explanation:
After fertilisation, the zygote develops into a multicellular diploid sporophyte. It represents the dominant phase in the life cycle, producing sporangia that generate spores through meiosis. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Sporophyte.

5. Assertion (A): Fertilisation in pteridophytes requires water.
Reason (R): Male gametes are motile and reach archegonia by swimming.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true, R is false.
(4) A is false, R is true.

Explanation:
Both assertion and reason are true and directly related. Pteridophyte male gametes (antherozoids) are flagellated and need a thin film of water to reach the stationary female gamete in the archegonium. Thus, R correctly explains A. The correct answer is (1).

6. Which among the following is haploid in pteridophytes?
(1) Zygote
(2) Spore
(3) Sporophyte
(4) Sporangium

Explanation:
The spore is a haploid structure formed after meiosis in the spore mother cells within the sporangium. It germinates to form the gametophyte (prothallus). Zygote and sporophyte are diploid. Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Spore.

7. (Matching Type)
Match the following:
A. Sporophyte – 1. Haploid
B. Prothallus – 2. Diploid
C. Spore – 3. Meiosis
D. Sporangium – 4. Gametophyte

(1) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(2) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
(3) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
(4) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3

Explanation:
The sporophyte is diploid, prothallus is haploid gametophyte, spore is haploid reproductive unit, and sporangium is the site of meiosis. Hence, the correct match is (1) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3.

8. (Fill in the Blanks)
The heart-shaped gametophyte in pteridophytes is known as ______.
(1) Antheridium
(2) Prothallus
(3) Sporogonium
(4) Archegonium

Explanation:
The prothallus is the small, heart-shaped, green gametophyte found in ferns. It bears antheridia and archegonia on its ventral surface. The prothallus is photosynthetic and independent but short-lived. Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Prothallus.

9. (Choose the Correct Statements)
Statement I: Sporophyte is the dominant phase in pteridophytes.
Statement II: Gametophyte is dependent on sporophyte for nutrition.
(1) Both statements are true.
(2) Only Statement I is true.
(3) Only Statement II is true.
(4) Both statements are false.

Explanation:
In pteridophytes, the sporophyte is dominant, independent, and photosynthetic. The gametophyte (prothallus) is small and free-living but not dependent on the sporophyte. Thus, only Statement I is true. The correct answer is (2) Only Statement I is true.

10. Which process restores the diploid condition in the life cycle of pteridophytes?
(1) Meiosis
(2) Fertilisation
(3) Spore formation
(4) Mitosis

Explanation:
During the life cycle of pteridophytes, fertilisation fuses haploid male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote, restoring the diploid condition. This zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, continuing the alternation of generations. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Fertilisation.

Topic: Floral Formula and Floral Symbols; Subtopic: Symmetry and Ovary Position in Flowers

Keyword Definitions:

• Floral Formula: A symbolic representation of flower structure showing its symmetry, sexuality, and floral whorls.

• Zygomorphic: A flower that can be divided into two equal halves only in one vertical plane.

• Actinomorphic: A flower that can be divided into two equal halves in any radial plane.

• Inferior Ovary: Ovary positioned below other floral parts.

• Superior Ovary: Ovary positioned above other floral parts.

Lead Question – (2025)

Given below are two statements :

Statement I: In a floral formula, ⊕ stands for zygomorphic nature of the flower, and G stands for inferior ovary.

Statement II: In a floral formula, ⚥ stands for actinomorphic nature of the flower, and G stands for superior ovary.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

(2) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

(3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

(4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Explanation:

In floral formulas, the symbol (⊕) represents actinomorphic flowers, not zygomorphic ones. Zygomorphic flowers are denoted by (%). The ovary position is represented by G̅ for inferior ovary and G for superior ovary. Therefore, Statement I is incorrect, while Statement II correctly identifies the symbols. Hence, the correct answer is (4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.

1. Which symbol in the floral formula denotes bisexuality?

(1) ⚥

(2) ⊕

(3) %

(4) G̅

Explanation:

The symbol ⚥ in a floral formula represents a bisexual flower, indicating the presence of both stamens and carpels. Such flowers can perform self-pollination and cross-pollination. Examples include Hibiscus and Mustard. Bisexuality enhances reproductive efficiency by allowing both male and female reproductive organs within the same flower.

2. Which of the following flowers is actinomorphic?

(1) Pea

(2) Cassia

(3) Datura

(4) Gulmohar

Explanation:

An actinomorphic flower can be divided into equal halves along any radial plane passing through its center. Datura is actinomorphic because of its radial symmetry, while pea and Cassia are zygomorphic. Radial symmetry promotes pollination by multiple pollinators, making actinomorphic flowers ecologically advantageous.

3. The ovary is called inferior when:

(1) It is above other floral parts

(2) It lies below other floral parts

(3) It is fused with the thalamus

(4) Both (2) and (3)

Explanation:

An ovary is inferior when it lies below the attachment of other floral whorls like petals and sepals. It is fused with the thalamus forming an epigynous flower, as in cucumber and guava. This structure protects the ovary during fertilization. Hence, the correct answer is (4) Both (2) and (3).

4. In a floral formula, what does % represent?

(1) Zygomorphic flower

(2) Actinomorphic flower

(3) Unisexual flower

(4) Epigynous flower

Explanation:

The % symbol in a floral formula denotes a zygomorphic flower, which can be divided into two equal halves in only one plane. Flowers like pea, Cassia, and Gulmohar are zygomorphic, helping in specific pollination mechanisms by restricting access to particular pollinators.

5. In which of the following conditions, the ovary is superior?

(1) Hypogynous flower

(2) Perigynous flower

(3) Epigynous flower

(4) None of these

Explanation:

In hypogynous flowers, the ovary is superior because it is placed above other floral whorls like petals, sepals, and stamens. Examples include Mustard and Hibiscus. Superior ovaries promote easy pollination and fertilization. Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Hypogynous flower.

6. Which of the following represents an epigynous flower?

(1) Mustard

(2) China rose

(3) Guava

(4) Brinjal

Explanation:

Epigynous flowers have an inferior ovary where other floral parts arise above it. Guava and cucumber show this feature, represented by G̅ in the floral formula. Such an arrangement protects the ovary from damage and external stress. Thus, the correct answer is (3) Guava.

7. Assertion – Reason Type Question

Assertion (A): Actinomorphic flowers promote cross-pollination.

Reason (R): Their radial symmetry allows access to pollinators from all directions.

(1) Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A

(2) Both A and R are true, but R does not explain A

(3) A is true but R is false

(4) A is false but R is true

Explanation:

Actinomorphic flowers, like Datura, can be divided into equal halves in multiple planes. Their radial symmetry allows various pollinators to access nectar easily, thus encouraging cross-pollination. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion. Hence, the correct answer is (1).

8. Matching Type Question

Match the following symbols with their meanings:

List I

A. ⊕

B. %

C. ⚥

D. G̅

List II

1. Bisexual flower

2. Inferior ovary

3. Zygomorphic flower

4. Actinomorphic flower

Options:

(1) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

(2) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

(3) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2

(4) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

Explanation:

In floral symbols: ⊕ denotes actinomorphic, % denotes zygomorphic, ⚥ represents bisexual, and G̅ indicates an inferior ovary. Understanding these symbols helps decode floral structures efficiently. Hence, the correct matching is (1) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2.

9. Fill in the Blanks

In the floral formula of Mustard, the ovary is represented as ______.

(1) G

(2) G̅

(3) ⚥

(4) %

Explanation:

In Mustard (Brassica campestris), the ovary is superior and is represented by G in the floral formula. It indicates a hypogynous flower where the ovary lies above other whorls. Therefore, the correct answer is (1) G.

10. Choose the Correct Statements

Statement I: Zygomorphic flowers are radially symmetrical.

Statement II: Actinomorphic flowers are bilaterally symmetrical.

(1) Both statements are correct

(2) Both statements are incorrect

(3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

(4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Explanation:

Zygomorphic flowers show bilateral symmetry, while actinomorphic flowers show radial symmetry. Hence, both statements are incorrect. Examples: Pea (zygomorphic), Datura (actinomorphic). Correct answer is (2).

Topic: Classification of Plants; Subtopic: Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes

Keyword Definitions:

• Angiosperms: Flowering plants that bear enclosed seeds within fruits.

• Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants that bear naked seeds without fruits.

• Bryophytes: Non-vascular, thalloid green plants growing in moist habitats.

• Pteridophytes: Vascular cryptogams reproducing by spores instead of seeds.

• Thalloid: Undifferentiated body without roots, stems, or leaves.

• Heterospory: Production of two types of spores—microspores and megaspores.

• Sequoia: The tallest gymnosperm species found in North America.

• Wolffia: The smallest angiosperm, free-floating on water.

• Salvinia: A heterosporous aquatic fern belonging to Pteridophyta.

• Marchantia: A liverwort showing a thalloid plant body typical of bryophytes.

Lead Question – 2024 (Jhajjhar)

Match List-I with List-II
List-I          List-II
A. Microscopic angiosperm     I. Salvinia
B. Tallest gymnosperm             II. Marchantia
C. Thalloid bryophyte               III. Sequoia
D. Heterosporous pteridophyte     IV. Wolffia

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
2. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
3. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
4. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

Explanation: Wolffia, the smallest free-floating aquatic plant, represents the microscopic angiosperm. Sequoia is the tallest gymnosperm. Marchantia is a thalloid bryophyte with a flat body structure, while Salvinia, an aquatic fern, is a heterosporous pteridophyte producing two spore types. Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2 (A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I).

Guessed Questions:

1. Which of the following is the smallest angiosperm known?
1. Lemna
2. Wolffia
3. Utricularia
4. Azolla
Explanation: Wolffia is the smallest angiosperm, a minute floating aquatic plant found in still water bodies. It reproduces vegetatively and has no true leaves or roots, belonging to the family Araceae. Hence, the correct answer is Wolffia.

2. The tallest gymnosperm Sequoia belongs to which family?
1. Cycadaceae
2. Taxaceae
3. Pinaceae
4. Cupressaceae
Explanation: The tallest gymnosperm, Sequoia sempervirens, belongs to the family Cupressaceae. It can reach heights of over 100 meters and is found along the Pacific coast of North America. Its thick bark provides resistance to fire. Correct answer: Cupressaceae.

3. Which bryophyte exhibits a thalloid body?
1. Funaria
2. Marchantia
3. Polytrichum
4. Anthoceros
Explanation: Marchantia, a liverwort, exhibits a thalloid body that lacks differentiation into root, stem, and leaves. It grows on moist, shaded soil and reproduces through gemmae cups. Hence, the correct answer is Marchantia.

4. Which of the following pteridophytes is heterosporous?
1. Lycopodium
2. Selaginella
3. Pteris
4. Dryopteris
Explanation: Selaginella is a heterosporous pteridophyte that produces two kinds of spores—microspores and megaspores. This feature represents an evolutionary advancement toward seed habit. Hence, the correct answer is Selaginella.

5. Assertion-Reason:
Assertion (A): Wolffia has no true leaves or roots.
Reason (R): It is a free-floating aquatic plant with reduced vegetative parts.
1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.
Explanation: Both statements are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion because Wolffia has a simple thalloid structure adapted for floating. Correct answer: Option 1.

6. Match the following pairs:
A. Marchantia – 1. Liverwort
B. Selaginella – 2. Heterosporous
C. Sequoia – 3. Tall tree
D. Wolffia – 4. Microscopic plant
Choose the correct combination:
1. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
2. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
3. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
4. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
Explanation: Marchantia is a liverwort, Selaginella is heterosporous, Sequoia is a tall gymnosperm, and Wolffia is the smallest microscopic angiosperm. Hence, Option 1 is correct.

7. Fill in the blank:
The smallest flowering plant in the world is __________.
1. Lemna
2. Wolffia
3. Utricularia
4. Azolla
Explanation: Wolffia is the world’s smallest flowering plant, measuring less than 1 mm in size. It reproduces vegetatively and floats on the surface of still water. Correct answer: Wolffia.

8. Choose the correct statements:
Statement I: Marchantia reproduces through gemmae.
Statement II: Sequoia is a herbaceous plant.
1. Both statements are true.
2. Statement I true, Statement II false.
3. Statement I false, Statement II true.
4. Both statements false.
Explanation: Marchantia reproduces asexually by gemmae, while Sequoia is a large woody tree, not herbaceous. Therefore, Statement I is true, Statement II is false. Correct answer: Option 2.

9. Which among the following is an aquatic fern?
1. Pteris
2. Adiantum
3. Salvinia
4. Marsilea
Explanation: Salvinia is a free-floating aquatic fern belonging to Pteridophyta. It is heterosporous, producing both microspores and megaspores. Correct answer: Salvinia.

10. Which plant group lacks true vascular tissue?
1. Bryophytes
2. Pteridophytes
3. Gymnosperms
4. Angiosperms
Explanation: Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that lack xylem and phloem. They depend on diffusion and osmosis for transport of water and nutrients. Hence, the correct answer is Bryophytes.

Topic: Alternation of Generations; Subtopic: Haplontic, Diplontic and Haplo-diplontic Life Cycles

Keyword Definitions:

• Haplontic: Life cycle where the dominant phase is haploid, and diploid stage is limited to the zygote only.

• Diplontic: Life cycle where the diploid sporophyte is dominant, and gametes are the only haploid cells.

• Haplo-diplontic: Life cycle where both sporophyte and gametophyte are multicellular, as seen in some algae and pteridophytes.

• Sporophyte: The diploid phase that produces spores through meiosis.

• Gametophyte: The haploid phase that produces gametes by mitosis.

Lead Question – 2023 (Manipur)
Which of the following statements is true?
1. All pteridophytes exhibit haplo-diplontic pattern.
2. Seed bearing plants follow haplontic pattern.
3. Most algal genera are diplontic.
4. Most bryophytes do not have haplo-diplontic life cycle.

Explanation: The correct answer is option 1. Pteridophytes exhibit a haplo-diplontic life cycle where both the sporophyte and gametophyte are multicellular, though the sporophyte is dominant. In bryophytes, gametophyte dominates. Seed-bearing plants are diplontic, not haplontic. Most algae show haplontic, diplontic, or haplo-diplontic patterns depending on species. Hence, statement 1 is true.

Guessed Questions:

1. Which among the following shows a dominant gametophyte generation?
1. Ferns
2. Liverworts
3. Gymnosperms
4. Angiosperms
Explanation: The correct answer is Liverworts. In bryophytes like liverworts, the gametophyte is dominant and photosynthetic, while the sporophyte is dependent. This contrasts with pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, where the sporophyte dominates the life cycle.

2. In a haplontic life cycle, meiosis occurs
1. During gamete formation
2. During zygote formation
3. During spore formation
4. After zygote formation
Explanation: The correct answer is after zygote formation. In haplontic organisms, the zygote is the only diploid stage and immediately undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores, which then grow into new gametophytes.

3. Which life cycle pattern is seen in Fucus?
1. Haplontic
2. Diplontic
3. Haplo-diplontic
4. Triphasic
Explanation: The correct answer is Diplontic. In Fucus, the thallus is diploid and the only haploid phase is the gametes. Hence, it exhibits a diplontic life cycle similar to higher plants.

4. The dominant phase in angiosperms is
1. Gametophyte
2. Sporophyte
3. Spore
4. Zygote
Explanation: The correct answer is Sporophyte. In angiosperms, the sporophyte is the dominant, independent, and photosynthetic phase, while the gametophyte is highly reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.

5. Which of the following shows alternation of generations?
1. Virus
2. Bacteria
3. Fern
4. Amoeba
Explanation: The correct answer is Fern. Ferns, being pteridophytes, exhibit alternation of generations with distinct haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) phases, both multicellular and independent at some stage of development.

6. The gametophyte of a moss plant produces
1. Spores
2. Zygote
3. Gametes
4. Sporophyte
Explanation: The correct answer is Gametes. The moss gametophyte bears antheridia and archegonia that produce sperm and eggs, respectively. Fertilization occurs in the archegonium, leading to the formation of the diploid sporophyte.

Assertion-Reason Type:
Assertion (A): In pteridophytes, the sporophyte is the dominant generation.
Reason (R): The gametophyte of pteridophytes is dependent on the sporophyte.
1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Explanation: The correct answer is option 2. The sporophyte in pteridophytes is dominant and independent, while the gametophyte is also free-living but smaller. Hence, both statements are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Matching Type:
Match the plant group with its dominant generation:
A. Bryophytes
B. Pteridophytes
C. Gymnosperms
D. Angiosperms
I. Gametophyte
II. Sporophyte
III. Sporophyte
IV. Sporophyte
Options:
1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. A-II, B-I, C-II, D-III
3. A-I, B-I, C-II, D-II
4. A-II, B-II, C-I, D-I
Explanation: The correct answer is option 1. Bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte, while pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms have dominant sporophyte phases, representing evolutionary advancement toward diploid dominance.

Fill in the Blanks:
In bryophytes, the ________ is dependent on the ________ for its nutrition.
1. Gametophyte, sporophyte
2. Sporophyte, gametophyte
3. Gametophyte, gametophyte
4. Sporophyte, sporophyte
Explanation: The correct answer is Sporophyte, gametophyte. In bryophytes, the sporophyte is attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte, which performs photosynthesis and supports the developing sporophyte.

Choose the Correct Statements (Statement I & II):
Statement I: Pteridophytes have a dominant sporophyte that is photosynthetic.
Statement II: Bryophytes have a dominant sporophyte that is dependent on gametophyte.
1. Both statements are correct.
2. Statement I is correct, Statement II is incorrect.
3. Statement I is incorrect, Statement II is correct.
4. Both statements are incorrect.
Explanation: The correct answer is option 2. Pteridophytes possess an independent photosynthetic sporophyte, whereas in bryophytes, the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte. Thus, only Statement I is correct.

Topic: Pteridophytes

Subtopic: Classification of Pteridophytes

• Pteropsida: True ferns with well-developed fronds and vascular tissue.

• Lycopsida: Club mosses with microphylls and sporangia on sporophylls.

• Psilopsida: Primitive vascular plants like Psilotum, lacking roots and leaves.

• Sphenopsida: Horsetails like Equisetum with jointed stems and whorled leaves.

• Adiantum: A genus of true ferns, representative of Pteropsida.

• Selaginella: A genus of lycophytes, representative of Lycopsida.

• Psilotum: Whisk fern, primitive vascular plant representing Psilopsida.

• Equisetum: Horsetail plant, representative of Sphenopsida.

• Sporangium: Structure producing spores in vascular plants.

• Fronds: Large divided leaves typical of ferns.

• Vascular Tissue: Xylem and phloem conducting water, minerals, and food.

Lead Question - 2023 (Manipur)

Match List - I with List - II

List-I  List-II
(A) Pteropsida (I) Psilotum
(B) Lycopsida (II) Equisetum
(C) Psilopsida (III) Adiantum
(D) Sphenopsida (IV) Selaginella

Options:
1. II III I IV
2. III I IV II
3. II III IV I
4. III IV I II

Explanation: Correct matching is (A) Pteropsida – Adiantum (III), (B) Lycopsida – Selaginella (IV), (C) Psilopsida – Psilotum (I), (D) Sphenopsida – Equisetum (II). Pteropsida includes true ferns like Adiantum. Lycopsida includes Selaginella. Psilopsida includes primitive Psilotum. Sphenopsida includes Equisetum, the horsetails. Correct answer: 4. This classification is based on morphological and reproductive characters including frond structure, sporangial arrangement, and vascular system, reflecting evolutionary relationships among pteridophytes.

1. Which of the following is a true fern?

• a) Psilotum

• b) Adiantum

• c) Equisetum

• d) Selaginella

Explanation: Adiantum is a true fern belonging to Pteropsida, characterized by large divided fronds and well-developed vascular tissue. Psilotum is primitive (Psilopsida), Equisetum is Sphenopsida, and Selaginella is Lycopsida. Correct answer: b. True ferns exhibit heterospory or homospory, have rhizomes, and produce spores on fronds, forming a key group of pteridophytes.

2. Which class of pteridophytes has microphylls?

• a) Pteropsida

• b) Lycopsida

• c) Psilopsida

• d) Sphenopsida

Explanation: Lycopsida (e.g., Selaginella) have microphylls, which are small, simple leaves with a single vein. Pteropsida has megaphylls (fronds), Psilopsida lacks true leaves, and Sphenopsida has reduced leaves. Correct answer: b. Microphylls are a distinguishing feature of lycophytes, reflecting evolutionary divergence among vascular plants.

3. Equisetum belongs to which class?

• a) Pteropsida

• b) Lycopsida

• c) Psilopsida

• d) Sphenopsida

Explanation: Equisetum, commonly called horsetail, belongs to Sphenopsida. It has jointed stems, whorled leaves, and sporangia on sporangiophores. Pteropsida includes true ferns, Lycopsida includes club mosses, and Psilopsida includes primitive whisk ferns. Correct answer: d.

4. Psilotum is considered primitive because:

• a) It has roots and true leaves

• b) It lacks roots and leaves

• c) It has flowers

• d) It produces seeds

Explanation: Psilotum, class Psilopsida, is primitive due to absence of roots and leaves; it has rhizomes and aerial stems. It reproduces via spores, lacks flowers and seeds. Correct answer: b. Its simplicity represents early vascular plant evolution and helps understand pteridophyte morphology and phylogeny.

5. Selaginella is an example of:

• a) Sphenopsida

• b) Psilopsida

• c) Lycopsida

• d) Pteropsida

Explanation: Selaginella belongs to Lycopsida, characterized by microphylls and heterosporous reproduction. Sphenopsida includes Equisetum, Psilopsida includes Psilotum, and Pteropsida includes true ferns. Correct answer: c. Lycopsida is a key lineage of vascular plants with distinctive reproductive and leaf features.

6. Characteristic feature of Pteropsida is:

• a) Rhizomes and fronds

• b) Microphylls

• c) Jointed stems

• d) Lack of vascular tissue

Explanation: Pteropsida (true ferns) have rhizomes and large fronds with megaphylls, well-developed xylem and phloem. Microphylls are in Lycopsida, jointed stems in Sphenopsida, and lack of vascular tissue occurs in bryophytes. Correct answer: a.

7. Assertion (A): Lycopsida are heterosporous.
Reason (R): Selaginella produces microspores and megaspores.

• a) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of A

• b) Both A and R are true, but R is not correct explanation of A

• c) A is true, R is false

• d) A is false, R is true

Explanation: Selaginella (Lycopsida) is heterosporous, producing distinct microspores and megaspores. Both assertion and reason are correct; the reason directly explains the assertion. Correct answer: a. Heterospory is an important evolutionary adaptation in vascular plants.

8. Match the pteridophyte with its class:

• 1. Psilotum

• 2. Equisetum

• 3. Adiantum

• 4. Selaginella

a) 1-Psilopsida, 2-Sphenopsida, 3-Pteropsida, 4-Lycopsida
b) 1-Lycopsida, 2-Pteropsida, 3-Sphenopsida, 4-Psilopsida
c) 1-Pteropsida, 2-Lycopsida, 3-Psilopsida, 4-Sphenopsida
d) 1-Sphenopsida, 2-Lycopsida, 3-Pteropsida, 4-Psilopsida

Explanation: Psilotum – Psilopsida; Equisetum – Sphenopsida; Adiantum – Pteropsida; Selaginella – Lycopsida. This matching reflects structural and reproductive traits. Correct answer: a.

9. Fill in the blank: Horsetails belong to class ____________.

• a) Sphenopsida

• b) Lycopsida

• c) Pteropsida

• d) Psilopsida

Explanation: Horsetails (Equisetum) are Sphenopsida, characterized by jointed stems, whorled leaves, and sporangia on sporangiophores. Lycopsida includes club mosses, Pteropsida true ferns, Psilopsida primitive whisk ferns. Correct answer: a.

10. Choose the correct statements:

Statement I: Pteropsida have megaphylls called fronds.
Statement II: Psilopsida have true leaves and roots.

• a) Both I and II are correct

• b) Only I is correct

• c) Only II is correct

• d) Both I and II are incorrect

Explanation: Pteropsida (true ferns) have large divided fronds (megaphylls). Psilopsida (Psilotum) lack true leaves and roots, having rhizomes instead. Therefore, only Statement I is correct. Correct answer: b.

Topic: Flower Structure; Subtopic: Papilionaceous Flowers and Petal Arrangement

• Pea Flower: A flower of Pisum sativum, typical of papilionaceous flowers with specialized petal arrangement.

• Petals: Modified leaves of a flower, usually colorful, which protect reproductive organs and attract pollinators.

• Standard: The large, posterior petal of a papilionaceous flower also called vexillum.

• Wings: Two lateral petals that help in guiding pollinators.

• Keel: Two anterior petals fused together enclosing reproductive organs, also called carina.

• Papilionaceous Flower: Bilaterally symmetrical flower typical of Fabaceae with specialized petal arrangement: standard, wings, and keel.

• Posterior Petal: The petal at the back of the flower, often the standard or vexillum.

• Lateral Petals: Petals located on the sides of the flower, called wings.

• Anterior Petals: Petals positioned in front, fused to form keel enclosing stamens and carpels.

• Carina: Another term for keel petals in papilionaceous flowers.

• Fabaceae: The legume family, also called Papilionaceae, known for pea-type flowers.

Lead Question - 2023 (Manipur)

In a pea flower, five petals are arranged in a specialized manner with one posterior, two lateral and two anterior. These are named as___________, ____________ and ________ respectively.

• 1. Keel, Wings and standard

• 2. Vexillum, Keel and standard

• 3. Keel, Standard and Carina

• 4. Standard, Wings and Keel

Explanation: In papilionaceous flowers like pea, the posterior petal is the largest and is called the standard or vexillum, the lateral petals are wings, and the two anterior petals fused together form the keel or carina enclosing reproductive organs. This arrangement helps in pollination by guiding pollinators. Correct answer: 4. Standard, Wings and Keel accurately describe posterior, lateral, and anterior petals respectively. Such arrangement is characteristic of Fabaceae family flowers and aids efficient reproductive success by protecting stamens and carpels while attracting pollinators.

1. Which type of symmetry is shown by pea flowers?

• a) Radial symmetry

• b) Bilateral symmetry

• c) Asymmetry

• d) Spiral symmetry

Explanation: Pea flowers exhibit bilateral symmetry (zygomorphic), meaning they can be divided into equal halves along only one plane. This is typical of papilionaceous flowers in Fabaceae, aiding pollinator guidance. Radial symmetry (actinomorphic) occurs in flowers like mustard. Asymmetrical flowers lack symmetry and spiral symmetry is a rare arrangement. Correct answer: b.

2. The two anterior petals of a pea flower are fused to form:

• a) Standard

• b) Wings

• c) Keel

• d) Calyx

Explanation: The two anterior petals of pea flowers are fused to form the keel (carina) which encloses stamens and carpels, protecting reproductive organs. The standard is the posterior petal, wings are lateral, and calyx consists of sepals. This structural adaptation ensures effective pollination. Correct answer: c.

3. The function of wing petals in pea flowers is:

• a) Photosynthesis

• b) Protecting sepals

• c) Guiding pollinators

• d) Producing nectar

Explanation: The two lateral wing petals guide pollinators towards the reproductive structures and facilitate pollination. They do not perform photosynthesis directly or protect sepals. Nectar is produced in nectaries, not in wings. Wings are essential for proper positioning of insects on the keel for effective pollen transfer. Correct answer: c.

4. The largest petal in pea flower is called:

• a) Wings

• b) Keel

• c) Standard or vexillum

• d) Carina

Explanation: The largest posterior petal is called the standard or vexillum. It acts as a banner to attract pollinators and is characteristic of papilionaceous flowers. Wings are lateral, keel (carina) are fused anterior petals enclosing reproductive organs. Correct answer: c.

5. Papilionaceous flowers are typical of which plant family?

• a) Solanaceae

• b) Fabaceae

• c) Liliaceae

• d) Poaceae

Explanation: Papilionaceous flowers with standard, wings, and keel are characteristic of Fabaceae (legume family). This specialized petal arrangement helps in efficient pollination. Solanaceae, Liliaceae, and Poaceae have different floral structures without papilionaceous arrangement. Correct answer: b.

6. Which structure in pea flower encloses stamens and carpels?

• a) Standard

• b) Wings

• c) Keel

• d) Sepals

Explanation: The keel (carina) formed by fused anterior petals encloses stamens and carpels, protecting reproductive organs and aiding in pollination. Standard is posterior, wings are lateral, and sepals form calyx. This fusion ensures correct positioning of pollinators for pollen transfer. Correct answer: c.

7. Assertion (A): Papilionaceous flowers are zygomorphic.
Reason (R): They have unequal petal arrangement with standard, wings, and keel.

• a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

• b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

• c) A is true, R is false

• d) A is false, R is true

Explanation: Papilionaceous flowers exhibit bilateral symmetry (zygomorphic) because the petals are unequal: standard (posterior), wings (lateral), keel (anterior). This unique arrangement guides pollinators effectively. Both assertion and reason are true, with reason accurately explaining the assertion. Correct answer: a.

8. Match the following:

• Column I: 1. Standard 2. Wings 3. Keel

• Column II: a. Lateral petals b. Posterior petal c. Fused anterior petals

Choices:
a) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c
b) 1-c, 2-b, 3-a
c) 1-a, 2-c, 3-b
d) 1-b, 2-c, 3-a

Explanation: The standard is the posterior petal, wings are the two lateral petals, and keel (carina) consists of fused anterior petals enclosing reproductive organs. Correct matching is 1-b, 2-a, 3-c. This arrangement is characteristic of Fabaceae flowers ensuring effective pollination. Correct answer: a.

9. Fill in the blank: The papilionaceous flower is ____________ in symmetry and belongs to the ____________ family.

• a) Radial, Solanaceae

• b) Bilateral, Fabaceae

• c) Bilateral, Liliaceae

• d) Radial, Fabaceae

Explanation: Papilionaceous flowers are bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic) and characteristic of Fabaceae. This symmetry arises due to unequal petals: standard, wings, and keel. Solanaceae and Liliaceae have actinomorphic flowers. Correct answer: b.

10. Choose the correct statements:

Statement I: Keel petals enclose stamens and carpels.
Statement II: Wings and standard petals assist in pollinator attraction and guidance.

• a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

• b) Statement I is correct, Statement II is incorrect

• c) Statement I is incorrect, Statement II is correct

• d) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Explanation: Keel petals, formed by fused anterior petals, enclose reproductive organs ensuring protection. Wings guide pollinators, and the standard (posterior petal) attracts them. Both statements accurately describe petal functions in papilionaceous flowers, aiding pollination efficiency. Correct answer: a.

Topic: Floral Characters; Subtopic: Aestivation

Keyword Definitions:
• Aestivation: Arrangement of sepals or petals in a flower bud before it opens.
• Valvate aestivation: Margins of petals or sepals touch each other without overlapping.
• Imbricate aestivation: Overlapping arrangement of petals or sepals in a bud.
• Twisted aestivation: Each petal overlaps the next in a spiral manner.
• Vexillary aestivation: Characteristic of papilionaceous flowers with standard, wings, and keel petals.
• Calotropis: A genus of flowering plants in Apocynaceae with large flowers, commonly called milkweed.
• Floral morphology: Study of structure, arrangement, and types of flowers and floral parts.
• Bud: Immature floral structure where aestivation can be observed.

Lead Question - 2023 (Manipur)
In Calotropis, aestivation is:
Options:
1. Valvate
2. Vexillary
3. Imbricate
4. Twisted
Answer & Explanation: Option 1. In Calotropis, the petals of the flower bud show valvate aestivation, where the margins of petals touch each other without overlapping. This type of aestivation is characteristic of many members of the Apocynaceae family. Understanding aestivation helps in identifying plant species, studying evolutionary relationships, and explaining floral adaptations for pollination. The bud structure determines how petals unfold during anthesis, influencing flower display and reproductive success. Knowledge of valvate, imbricate, twisted, and vexillary arrangements is important for botanical classification, floral morphology studies, and practical plant identification in taxonomy and horticulture.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ
Which type of aestivation is characteristic of the Fabaceae family?
Options:
A. Valvate
B. Vexillary
C. Imbricate
D. Twisted
Answer & Explanation: Option B. Fabaceae family flowers exhibit vexillary or papilionaceous aestivation, where the standard petal overlaps the two wing petals and the keel is enclosed. This arrangement enhances pollination efficiency by guiding pollinators. Understanding floral aestivation is key to taxonomy, evolutionary biology, and identifying plant families. The vexillary pattern allows flower petals to unfold sequentially, providing structural support and optimizing reproductive success. Recognizing this type is essential in morpho-anatomical studies, teaching plant identification, and understanding adaptive strategies of angiosperms.

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ
Twisted aestivation is observed in which of the following plants?
Options:
A. Hibiscus
B. Calotropis
C. Pisum
D. Mustard
Answer & Explanation: Option A. In Hibiscus, the petals exhibit twisted aestivation where each petal overlaps the next in a spiral fashion. Calotropis shows valvate aestivation, Pisum has vexillary, and mustard exhibits quincuncial arrangement. Twisted aestivation affects how flowers open and present themselves to pollinators. Recognizing these patterns aids in botanical identification, floral morphology studies, and understanding evolutionary relationships among plant families. Detailed knowledge of aestivation types is essential for taxonomy, comparative botany, and practical applications in horticulture, breeding, and ecological research.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ
Imbricate aestivation is typical of which flower?
Options:
A. Cassia
B. Calotropis
C. Pisum
D. Hibiscus
Answer & Explanation: Option A. Cassia exhibits imbricate aestivation where petals overlap each other. In this type, some petals lie inside and some outside. This arrangement protects inner floral parts and aids in sequential petal opening. Understanding imbricate, valvate, twisted, and vexillary types is crucial for plant classification, morphology studies, and identifying floral adaptations. Observing bud structure and petal arrangements allows botanists to distinguish closely related species and families. Imbricate aestivation provides insights into pollination mechanisms, floral evolution, and reproductive strategies in angiosperms.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ
Which of the following is not an aestivation type?
Options:
A. Valvate
B. Spiral
C. Vexillary
D. Quadrangular
Answer & Explanation: Option D. Quadrangular is not a recognized type of floral aestivation. Valvate, spiral (twisted), and vexillary are established arrangements of petals or sepals in flower buds. Knowledge of correct aestivation types is essential for taxonomy, plant identification, and floral morphology studies. Observing bud arrangements helps understand species characteristics, evolutionary relationships, and floral adaptations. Recognizing invalid or uncommon terms prevents errors in classification, identification, and botanical documentation. Proper understanding is crucial for teaching, research, and ecological applications involving angiosperm reproductive structures.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ
Which floral family commonly exhibits valvate aestivation?
Options:
A. Malvaceae
B. Fabaceae
C. Solanaceae
D. Brassicaceae
Answer & Explanation: Option A. Malvaceae family, including Hibiscus and Bombax, often shows valvate aestivation where petal margins meet without overlapping. Valvate arrangement influences flower opening patterns and pollinator access. Fabaceae exhibits vexillary, Solanaceae usually shows twisted or imbricate, and Brassicaceae exhibits quincuncial aestivation. Recognizing family-specific aestivation types aids in plant classification, floral morphology research, and practical identification. Floral arrangements affect reproductive success, anthesis, and pollination strategies, making aestivation knowledge essential for botanists, horticulturists, and students studying angiosperm diversity and structural adaptations.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ
In twisted aestivation, how do petals overlap?
Options:
A. Edges touch only
B. Each petal overlaps the next in a spiral
C. One petal completely inside others
D. Standard petal covers wings and keel
Answer & Explanation: Option B. Twisted aestivation features petals overlapping sequentially in a spiral pattern, influencing flower opening. This arrangement provides structural stability, protects inner floral organs, and guides pollinators. Knowledge of twisted aestivation is important for floral morphology, taxonomy, and evolutionary studies. Comparing twisted, valvate, imbricate, and vexillary types highlights angiosperm diversity. Recognizing these patterns aids in practical identification, research in reproductive biology, and understanding floral adaptations across ecological and evolutionary contexts. The spiral overlap ensures orderly petal unfolding during anthesis, enhancing reproductive efficiency.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ
Assertion (A): Calotropis exhibits valvate aestivation.
Reason (R): In valvate aestivation, petal margins just touch without overlapping.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, R is false
D. A is false, R is true
Answer & Explanation: Option A. In Calotropis, petals show valvate aestivation, where margins touch without overlap, protecting inner floral parts while allowing efficient opening. This arrangement is significant in Malvaceae and Apocynaceae. Understanding valvate patterns is essential for classification, floral morphology studies, and identifying angiosperm species. The arrangement ensures sequential petal unfolding and facilitates pollinator access. Observing bud aestivation provides insights into evolutionary adaptations, species relationships, and reproductive strategies, emphasizing the structural and functional significance of valvate arrangements in flowering plants.

8. Matching Type MCQ
Match the following plants with their type of aestivation:
List-I List-II
(A) Calotropis (I) Imbricate
(B) Hibiscus (II) Twisted
(C) Pisum (III) Vexillary
(D) Cassia (IV) Valvate
Options:
1. A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
2. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
3. A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
4. A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
Answer & Explanation: Option 1. Calotropis shows valvate aestivation (IV), Hibiscus twisted (II), Pisum vexillary (III), and Cassia imbricate (I). Matching plants with aestivation types helps in floral morphology studies, taxonomic identification, and understanding evolutionary relationships. Recognizing these patterns provides insight into flower structure, reproductive strategies, and pollination mechanisms. Observing bud arrangements and petal overlaps is essential for botanists and students studying angiosperm diversity, floral adaptations, and species-specific characteristics within families.

9. Fill in the Blanks / Completion MCQ
In vexillary aestivation, the largest petal is called _______.
Options:
A. Keel
B. Wing
C. Standard
D. Sepal
Answer & Explanation: Option C. In vexillary aestivation, characteristic of Fabaceae, the largest petal is called the standard. The wings and keel petals are smaller and arranged accordingly to facilitate pollination. Understanding vexillary and other aestivation types is critical in floral morphology, taxonomy, and plant identification. The standard petal’s prominence affects flower display, guides pollinators, and aids reproduction. Studying petal arrangement enhances comprehension of evolutionary adaptations, species differentiation, and reproductive success in angiosperms, providing practical knowledge for horticulture, ecology, and biodiversity studies.

10. Choose the Correct Statements MCQ
Statement I: Valvate aestivation has petals with touching edges without overlap.
Statement II: Twisted aestivation has petals overlapping each other in a spiral.
Options:
A. Both I and II are correct
B. Only I is correct
C. Only II is correct
D. Both I and II are incorrect
Answer & Explanation: Option A. Valvate aestivation features petals touching without overlapping, as in Calotropis, while twisted aestivation shows spiral overlap, as in Hibiscus. Recognizing these patterns is crucial for flower identification, morphology studies, and taxonomy. Each type affects flower opening, protection of reproductive organs, and pollinator interactions. Understanding aestivation types also aids in evolutionary biology, comparative botany, and practical plant identification, highlighting how structural arrangements of petals contribute to reproductive strategies and successful anthesis in angiosperms.

Topic: Gymnosperms; Subtopic: Pollination and Fertilization

Keyword Definitions:

• Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants where seeds are exposed on cones or other structures, not enclosed in an ovary.

• Pollen grains: Male gametophytes in seed plants carrying sperm cells to female reproductive structures.

• Microsporangium: Structure in which microspores (pollen) are produced in plants.

• Archegonia: Female reproductive organ in gymnosperms and bryophytes that produces eggs.

• Pollen tube: Tube through which male gametes travel to reach the egg in many seed plants.

• Air currents: Wind movement that facilitates pollen dispersal in anemophilous plants.

• Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

• Male gametes: Sperm cells present in pollen grains in gymnosperms and angiosperms.

• Microspores: Haploid spores that develop into male gametophytes.

• Anemophily: Pollination by wind in plants.

• Pollination: Transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive organs.

Lead Question - 2023:

Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R:
Assertion A: In gymnosperms the pollen grains are released from the microsporangium and carried by air currents.
Reason R: Air currents carry the pollen grains to the mouth of the archegonia where the male gametes are discharged and pollen tube is not formed.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) A is true but R is false
(2) A is false but R is true
(3) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(4) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

Answer & Explanation: (1) A is true but R is false. In gymnosperms, pollen grains are indeed released from microsporangia and dispersed by air currents, a process known as anemophily. However, the male gametes are delivered to the egg via a pollen tube; the pollen tube is essential for fertilization. Therefore, while Assertion A is correct, Reason R is incorrect because it falsely states that pollen tube is not formed. This distinction is critical in understanding gymnosperm reproduction, where direct transfer of sperm does not occur, and the pollen tube is the conduit for male gamete delivery to the archegonia, ensuring fertilization.

1. In gymnosperms, the male cone is also called:
(1) Megasporophyll
(2) Microstrobilus
(3) Ovulate cone
(4) Archegonium
Explanation: The male cone in gymnosperms is termed microstrobilus, which bears microsporangia producing pollen grains. Correct answer is (2).

2. The female gametophyte of gymnosperms develops in:
(1) Microsporangium
(2) Archegonium
(3) Ovule
(4) Pollen grain
Explanation: In gymnosperms, the female gametophyte develops inside the ovule, which contains archegonia that produce eggs. Correct answer is (3).

3. Pollination in gymnosperms is primarily:
(1) By insects
(2) By water
(3) By wind
(4) By animals
Explanation: Gymnosperms are mostly anemophilous; pollen is carried by wind from male to female cones. Correct answer is (3).

4. Microspores in gymnosperms give rise to:
(1) Female gametophyte
(2) Pollen grains
(3) Embryo
(4) Seed coat
Explanation: Microspores are haploid spores that develop into male gametophytes, which are pollen grains. Correct answer is (2).

5. In gymnosperms, fertilization occurs:
(1) Without pollen tube
(2) Through pollen tube
(3) In anther
(4) In microsporangium
Explanation: Fertilization in gymnosperms involves a pollen tube that delivers sperm cells to the egg in the archegonium. Correct answer is (2).

6. Male gametophyte in gymnosperms:
(1) Is multicellular
(2) Is unicellular
(3) Is free-living
(4) Forms ovule
Explanation: Male gametophyte is multicellular, forming pollen grain that produces sperm cells for fertilization. Correct answer is (1).

Assertion-Reason Question
7. Assertion (A): Gymnosperm seeds are naked.
Reason (R): They are not enclosed within an ovary.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true
Explanation: Gymnosperm seeds are called naked because they are exposed on the surface of cones, not enclosed in an ovary. Both statements are true, and R correctly explains A. Correct answer is (1).

Matching Type Question
8. Match:
A. Microsporangium – i. Produces pollen grains
B. Ovulate cone – ii. Bears ovules
C. Archegonium – iii. Produces egg
D. Pollen tube – iv. Delivers sperm
(1) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
(2) A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
(3) A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
(4) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
Explanation: Microsporangium produces pollen (A-i); ovulate cone bears ovules (B-ii); archegonium produces egg (C-iii); pollen tube delivers sperm to egg (D-iv). Correct answer is (1).

Fill in the Blanks Question
9. The male gametes of gymnosperms are delivered to the egg through ________.
(1) Archegonium
(2) Microsporangium
(3) Pollen tube
(4) Seed coat
Explanation: Male gametes travel to the egg inside archegonia via the pollen tube for fertilization. Correct answer is (3).

Choose the Correct Statements Question
10. Statement I: Gymnosperms are anemophilous.
Statement II: Pollen tube is absent in fertilization.
(1) Only Statement I is correct
(2) Only Statement II is correct
(3) Both I and II are correct
(4) Both I and II are incorrect
Explanation: Gymnosperms are wind-pollinated (anemophilous), but fertilization occurs through a pollen tube, making Statement I correct and Statement II incorrect. Correct answer is (1).

Chapter: Plant Kingdom; Topic: Bryophytes; Subtopic: Life Cycle of Moss

Keyword Definitions:

• Gametophyte: The haploid, gamete-producing phase in the plant life cycle that arises from spores.

• Protonema: Filamentous, early stage of gametophyte in moss, developing from spores and giving rise to leafy gametophore.

• Spores: Haploid reproductive cells capable of developing into a new organism without fusion.

• Capsule: Sporangium in moss where spores are produced.

• Haploid: A cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes.

• Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes.

• Life Cycle: Sequence of stages an organism passes through from one generation to the next.

• Gametophore: Leafy, mature structure arising from protonema in moss.

• Zygote: Diploid cell formed by fusion of gametes.

• Sporophyte: Diploid phase in plants producing spores by meiosis.

• Moss: Non-vascular bryophyte plant with alternation of generations.

Lead Question - 2023:

Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other as Reason R:
Assertion A: The first stage of gametophyte in the life cycle of moss is protonema stage.
Reason R: Protonema develops directly from spores produced in capsule.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(1) A is correct but R is not correct
(2) A is not correct but R is correct
(3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A

Answer & Explanation: (3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. In moss, the gametophytic generation begins with the protonema stage, which is filamentous and arises from the germination of haploid spores released from the capsule. The protonema develops directly from spores, and this stage is crucial as it later differentiates into the leafy gametophore that bears sex organs. This mechanism allows moss to establish its haploid generation efficiently, ensuring proper development of gametes and continuity of its life cycle, with the protonema stage being the first functional stage of gametophyte growth.

1. The haploid stage of moss is:
(1) Sporophyte
(2) Gametophyte
(3) Zygote
(4) Capsule
Explanation: The gametophyte is the haploid stage producing gametes in moss, arising from spores and sustaining the haploid generation. Correct answer is (2).

2. Protonema gives rise to:
(1) Capsule
(2) Leafy gametophore
(3) Spores
(4) Rhizoids
Explanation: Protonema develops into leafy gametophore, which bears gametangia for sexual reproduction. Correct answer is (2).

3. Haploid spores in moss are produced by:
(1) Mitosis in gametophyte
(2) Meiosis in sporophyte capsule
(3) Fertilization
(4) Germination of protonema
Explanation: Meiosis in the diploid sporophyte capsule produces haploid spores for dispersal. Correct answer is (2).

4. Rhizoids in moss function as:
(1) Photosynthetic organs
(2) Anchoring structures
(3) Gamete-producing structures
(4) Spore-producing structures
Explanation: Rhizoids anchor the moss plant to substrate and absorb water and minerals. Correct answer is (2).

5. Moss sporophyte is:
(1) Haploid
(2) Diploid
(3) Triploid
(4) Tetraploid
Explanation: Sporophyte is diploid, produced after fertilization, and generates haploid spores by meiosis. Correct answer is (2).

6. Spores of moss are released from:
(1) Gametophore
(2) Capsule
(3) Protonema
(4) Rhizoids
Explanation: Capsule or sporangium produces spores in moss, which germinate to form protonema. Correct answer is (2).

Assertion-Reason Type Question
7. Assertion (A): Protonema is the first stage of gametophyte.
Reason (R): It develops directly from spores.
(1) Both A and R are true and R explains A
(2) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A
(3) A is true, R is false
(4) A is false, R is true
Explanation: The protonema arises from germinated spores and forms the gametophytic stage; thus, both statements are correct and R explains A. Correct answer is (1).

Matching Type Question
8. Match the structures with their function:
A. Protonema – (i) Forms gametophore
B. Capsule – (ii) Produces spores
C. Gametophore – (iii) Bears sex organs
D. Rhizoids – (iv) Anchors plant
(1) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)
(2) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii)
(3) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(iv)
(4) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii)
Explanation: Protonema forms gametophore; capsule produces spores; gametophore bears gametangia; rhizoids anchor. Correct answer is (1).

Fill in the Blanks Question
9. The haploid stage arising from spores in moss is called _______.
(1) Sporophyte
(2) Protonema
(3) Capsule
(4) Gametangium
Explanation: Protonema develops from haploid spores and is the first stage of gametophyte. Correct answer is (2).

Choose the Correct Statements Question
10. Statement I: Protonema arises from spores.
Statement II: Protonema develops into gametophore.
(1) Both statements are true
(2) Statement I true, Statement II false
(3) Statement I false, Statement II true
(4) Both statements are false
Explanation: Protonema arises from haploid spores and develops into leafy gametophore, making both statements correct. Correct answer is (1).

Chapter: Pteridophytes; Topic: Reproduction in Pteridophytes; Subtopic: Heterospory

Keyword Definitions:

• Heterospory: Production of two types of spores, microspores (male) and megaspores (female), in different sporangia.

• Pteridophytes: Vascular plants that reproduce by spores and have true roots, stems, and leaves.

• Psilotum: A primitive pteridophyte, homosporous, producing a single type of spore.

• Equisetum: Horsetail, homosporous pteridophyte with spores producing gametophytes.

• Lycopodium: Club moss, generally homosporous producing one type of spore.

• Selaginella: Heterosporous pteridophyte producing microspores and megaspores.

• Salvinia: Aquatic fern, heterosporous with distinct microspores and megaspores.

Lead Question - 2023:

Identify the pair of heterosporous pteridophytes among the following:
(1) Psilotum and Salvinia
(2) Equisetum and Salvinia
(3) Lycopodium and Selaginella
(4) Selaginella and Salvinia

Answer & Explanation: (4) Selaginella and Salvinia. Both Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous pteridophytes, producing two distinct types of spores: microspores forming male gametophytes and megaspores forming female gametophytes. This adaptation allows better specialization and efficiency in reproduction. Other options like Psilotum, Lycopodium, and Equisetum are homosporous, producing a single type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte. Heterospory is considered an evolutionary step towards seed habit, and these plants are important models for studying the origin of seeds and sexual differentiation in vascular plants.

1. Which of the following is homosporous?
(1) Selaginella
(2) Salvinia
(3) Lycopodium
(4) None
Explanation: Lycopodium is homosporous, producing only one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophytes. Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous. Homospory is common in primitive pteridophytes, ensuring reproductive success in less specialized habitats. Hence, the correct answer is (3) Lycopodium.

2. Microspores develop into:
(1) Female gametophytes
(2) Male gametophytes
(3) Sporophytes directly
(4) Both gametophytes
Explanation: Microspores are small spores that germinate into male gametophytes producing sperm cells. This differentiation is characteristic of heterosporous plants like Selaginella and Salvinia, promoting efficient fertilization. Megaspores develop into female gametophytes. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Male gametophytes.

3. Megaspores produce:
(1) Male gametophytes
(2) Female gametophytes
(3) Sporophytes
(4) Both gametophytes
Explanation: Megaspores are larger spores that develop into female gametophytes producing archegonia and eggs, ensuring sexual reproduction. Heterosporous pteridophytes like Selaginella and Salvinia show this differentiation. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Female gametophytes.

4. Heterospory is an evolutionary step towards:
(1) Ferns
(2) Seeds
(3) Mosses
(4) Algae
Explanation: Heterospory represents specialization of spores into microspores and megaspores, laying the foundation for seed development. It increases reproductive efficiency and adaptation to terrestrial life. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Seeds.

5. Psilotum reproduces by:
(1) Seeds
(2) Homospores
(3) Microspores only
(4) Megaspores only
Explanation: Psilotum is a primitive homosporous pteridophyte producing a single type of spore developing into bisexual gametophytes. It lacks true roots and shows simple morphology. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Homospores.

6. Salvinia is:
(1) Homosporous aquatic fern
(2) Heterosporous aquatic fern
(3) Terrestrial homosporous plant
(4) Lycophyte
Explanation: Salvinia is a heterosporous aquatic fern producing microspores and megaspores separately, which grow into male and female gametophytes, respectively. This adaptation is unique in water habitats. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Heterosporous aquatic fern.

Assertion-Reason Type Question
7. Assertion (A): Selaginella is heterosporous.
Reason (R): It produces both microspores and megaspores in separate sporangia.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true but R is false.
(4) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Selaginella is heterosporous, producing microspores and megaspores in distinct sporangia. Microspores produce male gametophytes, and megaspores produce female gametophytes, aiding in sexual differentiation. Both statements are true, and R correctly explains A. Correct answer is (1).

Matching Type Question
8. Match the following:
A. Lycopodium – (i) Heterosporous
B. Selaginella – (ii) Homosporous
C. Salvinia – (iii) Heterosporous
(1) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii)
(2) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii)
(3) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i)
(4) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(i)
Explanation: Lycopodium is homosporous, Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous. Correct matching is A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii). Hence, the answer is (2).

Fill in the Blanks Question
9. Heterosporous plants produce ______ types of spores.
(1) One
(2) Two
(3) Three
(4) Four
Explanation: Heterosporous plants produce two distinct types of spores: microspores forming male gametophytes and megaspores forming female gametophytes, enabling sexual differentiation. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Two.

Choose the Correct Statements Question
10. Statement I: Selaginella is heterosporous.
Statement II: Lycopodium is homosporous.
(1) Both statements are true.
(2) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
(3) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
(4) Both statements are false.
Explanation: Selaginella produces microspores and megaspores separately, making it heterosporous. Lycopodium produces only one type of spore, making it homosporous. Both statements are correct and illustrate contrasting spore strategies. Hence, the correct answer is (1) Both statements are true.

Topic: Comparative Floral Morphology; Subtopic: Stamen Structure in Fabaceae

Keyword Definitions:

• Fabaceae: A family of dicotyledonous plants, commonly called legumes, characterized by compound leaves and zygomorphic flowers.

• Solanaceae: The nightshade family of plants with actinomorphic flowers and usually free or fused stamens.

• Liliaceae: Monocot family with usually actinomorphic flowers, free stamens, and tepals.

• Diadelphous Stamens: Stamens united by filaments into two bundles, typical of Fabaceae.

• Dithecous Anthers: Anthers with two pollen sacs for pollen production.

• Stamens: Male reproductive organs of flowers, consisting of filament and anther.

Lead Question - 2023:

Family Fabaceae differs from Solanaceae and Liliaceae. With respect to the stamens, pick out the characteristics specific to family Fabaceae but not found in Solanaceae or Liliaceae.
(1) Monoadelphous and Monothecous anthers
(2) Epiphyllous and Dithecous anthers
(3) Diadelphous and Dithecous anthers
(4) Polyadelphous and epipetalous stamens

Answer & Explanation: (3) Diadelphous and Dithecous anthers. In Fabaceae, stamens are typically diadelphous, meaning filaments are united in two bundles, one of nine stamens and the tenth free, forming a characteristic structure. Anthers are dithecous, each having two pollen sacs. This feature is absent in Solanaceae, which have epipetalous stamens, and Liliaceae, which have free, usually six stamens. Diadelphous stamens aid in specialized pollination mechanisms, and dithecous anthers ensure efficient pollen dispersal, making these features taxonomically significant for Fabaceae identification in comparative floral morphology studies.

1. The stamen arrangement in Liliaceae is usually:
(1) Diadelphous
(2) Free and equal
(3) Polyadelphous
(4) Monadelphous
Explanation: Liliaceae, being monocots, typically have six free stamens, equally arranged, without fusion. This contrasts with Fabaceae's diadelphous condition. Free stamens allow generalized pollination mechanisms. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Free and equal.

2. In Solanaceae, stamens are usually:
(1) Diadelphous
(2) Epipetalous
(3) Monadelphous
(4) Free and monothecous
Explanation: In Solanaceae, stamens are epipetalous, meaning their filaments are attached to petals, unlike Fabaceae where filaments are partially fused into two bundles. Epipetalous stamens facilitate pollen deposition on visiting pollinators. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Epipetalous.

3. The term dithecous refers to:
(1) Two stamens
(2) Anthers with two pollen sacs
(3) Fusion of stamens
(4) Single pollen sac
Explanation: Dithecous anthers have two pollen sacs (microsporangia) for pollen production, a common feature in Fabaceae. This ensures efficient pollen release. Monothecous anthers have one pollen sac. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Anthers with two pollen sacs.

4. Diadelphous stamen arrangement means:
(1) All filaments free
(2) All filaments united into a single bundle
(3) Filaments united in two groups
(4) Filaments united in more than two bundles
Explanation: In diadelphous condition, stamens’ filaments are united in two bundles, usually nine fused and one free in Fabaceae flowers. This aids in proper pollen transfer to pollinators. Hence, the correct answer is (3) Filaments united in two groups.

5. Which type of stamen arrangement is typical in Fabaceae?
(1) Monadelphous
(2) Polyadelphous
(3) Diadelphous
(4) Epiphyllous
Explanation: Fabaceae flowers show diadelphous stamens, where filaments are united into two bundles, an adaptation for specialized pollination and flower mechanics. Other families like Liliaceae and Solanaceae lack this condition. Hence, the correct answer is (3) Diadelphous.

6. Polyadelphous stamens are characteristic of:
(1) Fabaceae
(2) Malvaceae
(3) Solanaceae
(4) Liliaceae
Explanation: Polyadelphous stamens have filaments united in more than two bundles, a feature of Malvaceae. Fabaceae typically show diadelphous stamens. Polyadelphous arrangement aids in coordinated pollen release. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Malvaceae.

Assertion-Reason Type Question
7. Assertion (A): Fabaceae stamens are diadelphous and dithecous.
Reason (R): This stamen arrangement facilitates specialized pollination and efficient pollen transfer.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true but R is false.
(4) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Diadelphous stamens in Fabaceae aid in forming a keel structure that directs pollinators. Dithecous anthers ensure efficient pollen dispersal. Both statements are true and R correctly explains A. Hence, the correct answer is (1).

Matching Type Question
8. Match the following:
A. Fabaceae – (i) Polyadelphous
B. Malvaceae – (ii) Diadelphous
C. Solanaceae – (iii) Epipetalous
(1) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii)
(2) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii)
(3) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i)
(4) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(i)
Explanation: Fabaceae has diadelphous stamens, Malvaceae shows polyadelphous stamens, and Solanaceae has epipetalous stamens. Correct matching is A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii). Hence, the answer is (1).

Fill in the Blanks Question
9. In Fabaceae flowers, each anther has ______ pollen sacs.
(1) One
(2) Two
(3) Three
(4) Four
Explanation: Fabaceae anthers are dithecous, meaning each anther has two pollen sacs. This ensures adequate pollen production and efficient pollination. Hence, the correct answer is (2) Two.

Choose the Correct Statements Question
10. Statement I: Fabaceae stamens are diadelphous.
Statement II: Solanaceae stamens are epipetalous.
(1) Both statements are true.
(2) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
(3) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
(4) Both statements are false.
Explanation: Fabaceae shows diadelphous stamens for specialized pollination, whereas Solanaceae has stamens attached to petals (epipetalous). Both statements correctly describe stamen arrangements in respective families. Hence, the correct answer is (1) Both statements are true.

Topic: Floral Diagrams; Subtopic: Family Identification

Keyword Definitions:

• Floral Diagram: A schematic representation showing the arrangement and number of floral parts.

• Perianth: Undifferentiated calyx and corolla in monocot flowers, usually in two whorls of three.

• Actinomorphic: A flower with radial symmetry that can be divided into equal halves along multiple planes.

• Tricarpellary Ovary: Ovary formed by the fusion of three carpels, usually superior with axile placentation.

• Liliaceae: Monocot family with trimerous, bisexual, actinomorphic flowers and six stamens.

Lead Question - 2022 (Ganganagar)
The Floral Diagram represents which one of the following families?
1. Fabaceae
2. Brassicaceae
3. Solanaceae
4. Liliaceae

Explanation: The floral diagram shows 3+3 perianth members, six stamens (3+3), and a tricarpellary, syncarpous ovary with axile placentation. These features are characteristic of the monocot family Liliaceae. Flowers are trimerous, actinomorphic, and bisexual with perianth instead of distinct calyx and corolla. Examples include Lilium and Aloe.

Guessed Questions:

1. In members of Liliaceae, the ovary is:
1. Unilocular and superior
2. Trilocular and superior
3. Unilocular and inferior
4. Trilocular and inferior
Explanation: Liliaceae flowers possess a tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary with axile placentation. Hence, the correct option is trilocular and superior. This arrangement helps efficient seed formation and nutrient transport. It distinguishes monocots like Lilium and Aloe from dicot families having bicarpellary or unilocular ovaries.

2. Which of the following is the floral formula of Liliaceae?
1. ⚥⊕ P(3+3) A(3+3) G(3̲)
2. ⚥⊕ K(5) C(5) A(5) G(2̲)
3. ⚥⊕ K(4) C(4) A(6) G(2̲)
4. ⚥⊕ P(3) A(3) G(3̲)
Explanation: The correct floral formula for Liliaceae is ⚥⊕ P(3+3) A(3+3) G(3̲). It denotes bisexual, actinomorphic flowers with two perianth whorls of three each, six stamens, and a tricarpellary superior ovary. This symbolic representation summarizes its key taxonomic features for easier classification.

3. The vegetative propagation in Gloriosa occurs through:
1. Rhizome
2. Bulbil
3. Corm
4. Underground stem
Explanation: In Gloriosa, vegetative propagation occurs by underground stem modification known as rhizome. This helps the plant survive adverse conditions and sprout new growth during favorable seasons. It is a common feature in members of Liliaceae like Smilax and Aloe.

4. Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of monocot flowers?
1. Pentamerous condition
2. Trimerous condition
3. Tetramerous condition
4. Hexamerous condition
Explanation: Monocot flowers, including Liliaceae, typically exhibit a trimerous condition where floral parts are in multiples of three. This is a key identification feature separating them from dicots, which are pentamerous or tetramerous. Examples include Lilium, Tulipa, and Aloe.

5. Which of the following represents the economic importance of Liliaceae?
1. Source of medicine and ornamentals
2. Used for nitrogen fixation
3. Used in oil extraction
4. Used as fiber crops
Explanation: Members of Liliaceae like Aloe vera (medicine) and Lilium (ornamental) have medicinal and aesthetic importance. Some species are used in herbal preparations and cosmetic industries due to their therapeutic compounds like aloin and sapogenins.

6. The perianth in Liliaceae is:
1. Polyphyllous and petaloid
2. Gamosepalous
3. Gamopetalous
4. Absent
Explanation: In Liliaceae, the perianth is polyphyllous and petaloid, consisting of two whorls of three tepals each that are brightly colored. It replaces the distinct calyx and corolla seen in dicot flowers. This structure aids in pollination and visual attraction of pollinators.

Assertion-Reason Type
7. Assertion (A): Flowers of Liliaceae are actinomorphic.
Reason (R): Floral parts are arranged radially in a single plane.
1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason correctly explains the Assertion. Liliaceae flowers are actinomorphic because their parts are radially symmetrical, allowing equal division through multiple planes. This promotes better pollination efficiency in open, showy flowers.

Matching Type
8. Match List-I with List-II:
List-I
(a) Lilium
(b) Aloe
(c) Smilax
(d) Asparagus

List-II
(i) Medicinal plant
(ii) Ornamental
(iii) Climber
(iv) Vegetable

Choose the correct answer:
1. (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
2. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
3. (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
4. (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv)
Explanation: The correct matching is (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv). Lilium is ornamental, Aloe is medicinal, Smilax is a climbing plant, and Asparagus is a common vegetable. These examples highlight the diverse uses of plants within Liliaceae.

Fill in the Blank
9. The placentation in Liliaceae is ________.
1. Parietal
2. Axile
3. Basal
4. Marginal
Explanation: Placentation in Liliaceae is axile, where ovules are attached to a central axis inside a multilocular ovary. This arrangement provides efficient nourishment and is common in monocots with tricarpellary, syncarpous ovaries like Lilium and Smilax.

Choose the Correct Statements
10. Statement I: Flowers of Liliaceae are unisexual.
Statement II: Flowers of Liliaceae are actinomorphic and bisexual.
1. Only Statement I is correct
2. Only Statement II is correct
3. Both statements are correct
4. Both statements are incorrect
Explanation: Only Statement II is correct. Liliaceae flowers are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) and bisexual, possessing both stamens and carpels. They are not unisexual, and such traits are consistent among many monocot families that promote efficient pollination mechanisms.

Chapter: Plant Kingdom; Topic: Classification of Plants; Subtopic: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Algae

Keyword Definitions:

• Chlamydomonas: A unicellular green alga with flagella, photosynthetic, and aquatic in habitat.

• Cycas: A gymnosperm with large pinnate leaves, producing seeds on specialized structures called megasporophylls.

• Selaginella: A pteridophyte (club moss) with heterosporous reproduction and vascular tissues.

• Sphagnum: A moss, non-vascular bryophyte forming peat, grows in wet habitats, reproduces via spores.

• Moss: Small, non-vascular, leafy plants reproducing via spores, belonging to bryophytes.

• Pteridophyte: Vascular plants like ferns and club mosses reproducing via spores, without seeds.

• Gymnosperm: Seed-producing vascular plant whose seeds are not enclosed in ovary (naked seeds).

• Alga: Photosynthetic, aquatic, simple plant-like organisms without true roots, stems, or leaves.

Lead Question – 2022 (Ganganagar)
Match List-I with List-II:
List-I List-II
(a) Chlamydomonas (i) Moss
(b) Cycas (ii) Pteridophyte
(c) Selaginella (iii) Alga
(d) Sphagnum (iv) Gymnosperm
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1. (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)
2. (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
3. (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
4. (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)

Explanation:
Correct answer is option 1. Chlamydomonas is an alga (iii), Cycas is a gymnosperm (iv), Selaginella is a pteridophyte (ii), and Sphagnum is a moss (i). This classification is based on the presence of vascular tissues, seed production, and reproductive strategies. Bryophytes like Sphagnum are non-vascular, pteridophytes like Selaginella have vascular tissues but reproduce via spores, gymnosperms like Cycas produce naked seeds, and algae like Chlamydomonas are simple, aquatic, and photosynthetic organisms without true roots or stems.

1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following is a gymnosperm?
1. Chlamydomonas
2. Cycas
3. Selaginella
4. Sphagnum
Explanation: Correct answer is Cycas. It is a gymnosperm producing naked seeds on megasporophylls. Chlamydomonas is an alga, Selaginella is a pteridophyte, and Sphagnum is a bryophyte (moss).

2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Selaginella belongs to which plant group?
1. Bryophytes
2. Gymnosperms
3. Pteridophytes
4. Algae
Explanation: Correct answer is Pteridophytes. Selaginella is a vascular, spore-producing plant. Bryophytes are non-vascular, gymnosperms produce seeds, and algae are simple aquatic photosynthetic organisms.

3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which plant lacks vascular tissues?
1. Sphagnum
2. Cycas
3. Selaginella
4. Chlamydomonas
Explanation: Correct answer is Sphagnum. It is a moss, a non-vascular bryophyte. Cycas and Selaginella are vascular, and Chlamydomonas is an alga, unicellular and aquatic.

4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which organism is a unicellular green alga?
1. Selaginella
2. Chlamydomonas
3. Cycas
4. Sphagnum
Explanation: Correct answer is Chlamydomonas. It is a unicellular, motile green alga. Selaginella is a pteridophyte, Cycas is a gymnosperm, and Sphagnum is a moss.

5. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which plant produces naked seeds?
1. Selaginella
2. Cycas
3. Sphagnum
4. Chlamydomonas
Explanation: Correct answer is Cycas. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds exposed on megasporophylls. Pteridophytes and mosses do not produce seeds, and algae reproduce via spores or vegetative methods.

6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which plant forms peat in wet habitats?
1. Cycas
2. Sphagnum
3. Selaginella
4. Chlamydomonas
Explanation: Correct answer is Sphagnum. Mosses like Sphagnum grow in wet, acidic environments forming peat. Other plants do not form peat; Cycas and Selaginella are vascular, Chlamydomonas is unicellular.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Selaginella reproduces via spores.
Reason (R): It is a vascular plant without seeds.
1. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
2. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
3. A is correct, R is false
4. A is false, R is correct
Explanation: Correct answer is option 1. Selaginella is a vascular, spore-producing pteridophyte. Its vascular nature does not involve seed production, so it reproduces via spores, consistent with the assertion and reason.

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match List-I (plant) with List-II (group):
A. Chlamydomonas – 1. Moss
B. Cycas – 2. Pteridophyte
C. Selaginella – 3. Alga
D. Sphagnum – 4. Gymnosperm
1. A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
2. A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
3. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
4. A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
Explanation: Correct answer is option 1. Chlamydomonas is an alga, Cycas is a gymnosperm, Selaginella is a pteridophyte, and Sphagnum is a moss, matching functional and reproductive characteristics of each plant group.

9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
_______ is a non-vascular, leafy plant reproducing via spores.
1. Chlamydomonas
2. Cycas
3. Sphagnum
4. Selaginella
Explanation: Correct answer is Sphagnum. Sphagnum moss lacks vascular tissue and reproduces via spores. Cycas is a gymnosperm with seeds, Selaginella is vascular, and Chlamydomonas is unicellular alga.

10. Choose the Correct Statements MCQ:
Statement I: Chlamydomonas is an aquatic photosynthetic alga.
Statement II: Cycas produces seeds enclosed in ovary.
1. Both Statement I and II are correct
2. Statement I is correct, II is incorrect
3. Statement I is incorrect, II is correct
4. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
Explanation: Correct answer is option 2. Chlamydomonas is a unicellular green alga, photosynthetic and aquatic. Cycas produces naked seeds (gymnosperm), not enclosed in ovary, making Statement II incorrect.

Topic: Classification of Plants
Subtopic: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms

Keyword Definitions:
- Cedrus: A genus of coniferous trees belonging to Gymnosperms.
- Adiantum: A fern commonly known as maidenhair fern, belonging to Pteridophytes.
- Sphagnum: A type of moss used in peat formation, belongs to Bryophyta.
- Marchantia: A genus of liverworts belonging to Bryophyta.
- Gymnosperms: Plants with naked seeds, not enclosed in fruits.
- Pteridophytes: Seedless vascular plants reproducing by spores.
- Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants including mosses and liverworts.
- Liverwort: Bryophyte with flat, thalloid body growing in moist habitats.
- Moss: Small green plant with leafy gametophyte dominant stage.
- Peat Moss: Sphagnum, a moss forming peat deposits in wetlands.
- Thallus: Undifferentiated plant body found in bryophytes and algae.

Lead Question - 2022 (Abroad):
Match List - I with List - II
List - I
a. Cedrus
b. Adiantum
c. Sphagnum
d. Marchantia

List - II
(i) Pteridophyte
(ii) Gymnosperm
(iii) Liverwort
(iv) Moss

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)
(2) (iii), (i), (iv), (ii)
(3) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)
(4) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)

Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Cedrus is a gymnosperm, Adiantum is a pteridophyte, Sphagnum is a moss, and Marchantia is a liverwort. These belong to different plant divisions, classified according to the presence of vascular tissue and reproductive structures.

1. Single Correct Answer:
Which of the following is a Gymnosperm?
(a) Adiantum
(b) Cedrus
(c) Sphagnum
(d) Marchantia
Explanation: Cedrus is a Gymnosperm, a cone-bearing seed plant without fruits or flowers. Adiantum is a fern, Sphagnum a moss, and Marchantia a liverwort. Gymnosperms show vascular tissues and naked seeds unlike non-vascular bryophytes.

2. Single Correct Answer:
Which plant is known as “peat moss”?
(a) Adiantum
(b) Marchantia
(c) Sphagnum
(d) Cedrus
Explanation: Sphagnum is commonly called peat moss. It forms peat deposits in wetlands by accumulating partially decomposed material. It retains water efficiently and is used in horticulture as a soil conditioner.

3. Single Correct Answer:
Which plant belongs to Pteridophyta?
(a) Adiantum
(b) Cedrus
(c) Marchantia
(d) Funaria
Explanation: Adiantum, or maidenhair fern, belongs to Pteridophyta. Pteridophytes are seedless vascular plants reproducing through spores. They represent the first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues, unlike bryophytes that lack xylem and phloem.

4. Single Correct Answer:
Which of the following is a Liverwort?
(a) Marchantia
(b) Sphagnum
(c) Adiantum
(d) Pinus
Explanation: Marchantia is a liverwort, a type of bryophyte with a flat, thalloid body. It grows in moist shaded areas and reproduces through gemmae and spores. It represents the gametophyte-dominant stage of the plant life cycle.

5. Single Correct Answer:
Which among the following lacks vascular tissues?
(a) Cedrus
(b) Adiantum
(c) Sphagnum
(d) Cycas
Explanation: Sphagnum lacks vascular tissues and belongs to Bryophyta. Bryophytes are non-vascular, depending on diffusion for water and nutrient transport, unlike vascular Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes that have well-developed conducting tissues.

6. Single Correct Answer:
Which statement is true about Gymnosperms?
(a) They are seedless plants.
(b) They produce naked seeds.
(c) They lack vascular tissues.
(d) They reproduce by spores.
Explanation: Gymnosperms produce naked seeds not enclosed in fruits. They are vascular and include conifers like Cedrus and Pinus. Their seeds are borne on cones and lack flowers or fruits, unlike angiosperms.

7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Marchantia is a thalloid bryophyte.
Reason (R): It has true roots and vascular tissues.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R explains A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R does not explain A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Explanation: Option (c) is correct. Marchantia is a thalloid bryophyte but lacks true roots and vascular tissues. It has rhizoids for anchorage and shows a gametophyte-dominant life cycle typical of bryophytes.

8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match the following plant groups with examples:
List - I List - II
(a) Bryophyte (i) Cedrus
(b) Gymnosperm (ii) Marchantia
(c) Pteridophyte (iii) Adiantum
(d) Moss (iv) Sphagnum
Options:
(1) a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-iv, b-ii, c-i, d-iii
(3) a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i
(4) a-i, b-iii, c-iv, d-ii
Explanation: Option (1) is correct. Marchantia represents bryophytes, Cedrus represents gymnosperms, Adiantum represents pteridophytes, and Sphagnum represents mosses. These are classified based on their structural and reproductive differences.

9. Fill in the Blanks:
________ is a fern belonging to Pteridophyta.
(a) Sphagnum
(b) Cedrus
(c) Adiantum
(d) Marchantia
Explanation: The correct answer is Adiantum. It is a typical fern under Pteridophyta, having vascular tissues and reproducing through spores. It shows alternation of generations with sporophyte dominance.

10. Choose the Correct Statements:
1. Marchantia is a bryophyte.
2. Sphagnum forms peat in wetlands.
3. Adiantum is a Gymnosperm.
4. Cedrus produces cones.
Options:
(a) 1, 2, 4
(b) 1, 3, 4
(c) 2, 3, 4
(d) 1, 2, 3
Explanation: Option (a) is correct. Marchantia is a bryophyte, Sphagnum forms peat, and Cedrus produces cones as a gymnosperm. Adiantum is a fern, not a gymnosperm.

Topic: Plant Life Cycles
Subtopic: Alternation of Generations

Keyword Definitions:
• Sporophyte: Diploid phase in plant life cycle that produces spores.
• Gametophyte: Haploid phase that produces gametes.
• Haploid: Cell or organism with single set of chromosomes.
• Diploid: Cell or organism with two sets of chromosomes.
• Prothallus: Reduced gametophyte of ferns supporting sporophyte.
• Vascular Plant: Plant with specialized xylem and phloem for transport.
• Spirogyra: Filamentous green algae exhibiting haploid dominant life cycle.
• Fern: Vascular plant with alternation of generations and prothallus.
• Funaria: Moss with dominant gametophyte and dependent sporophyte.
• Cycas: Gymnosperm with dominant sporophyte and reduced gametophyte.

Lead Question (2022):
Match the plant with the kind of life cycle it exhibits :
List - I List - II
(a) Spirogyra (i) Dominant diploid sporophyte vascular plant, with highly reduced male or female gametophyte
(b) Fern (ii) Dominant haploid free-living gametophyte
(c) Funaria (iii) Dominant diploid sporophyte alternating with reduced gametophyte called prothallus
(d) Cycas (iv) Dominant haploid leafy gametophyte alternating with partially dependent multicellular sporophyte
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Options:
1. (a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)
2. (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)
3. (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)
4. (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii). Spirogyra has a dominant haploid gametophyte phase, Fern has dominant sporophyte alternating with prothallus, Funaria has dominant gametophyte, and Cycas is a vascular sporophyte with reduced gametophyte, illustrating alternation of generations.

Guessed MCQs for NEET UG:

1. Which of the following plants exhibits a dominant gametophyte stage?
Options:
(a) Fern
(b) Spirogyra
(c) Cycas
(d) Angiosperm
Explanation: The correct answer is (b) Spirogyra. In Spirogyra, the haploid gametophyte is free-living and dominant, producing gametes directly. The diploid sporophyte is short-lived and dependent, demonstrating the haploid-dominant life cycle typical of many algae species.

2. In ferns, the leafy gametophyte is called:
Options:
(a) Prothallus
(b) Sporangium
(c) Archegonium
(d) Antheridium
Explanation: The correct answer is (a) Prothallus. The prothallus is a small, free-living haploid gametophyte that produces gametes. It supports the sporophyte, which develops after fertilization. Ferns exhibit alternation of generations with a dominant sporophyte and reduced gametophyte.

3. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Cycas has a dominant sporophyte phase.
Reason (R): Its gametophyte is highly reduced and dependent.
Options:
(a) Both A and R are true, R explains A
(b) Both A and R are true, R does not explain A
(c) A is true, R is false
(d) A is false, R is true
Explanation: The correct answer is (a). Cycas is a gymnosperm with a dominant diploid sporophyte. Its male and female gametophytes are reduced and dependent on the sporophyte, making the alternation of generations evident, with sporophyte clearly dominant over the gametophyte.

4. Matching Type MCQ:
Match the plant with its life cycle characteristic:
List - I List - II
(a) Moss (i) Haploid dominant
(b) Fern (ii) Sporophyte dominant with prothallus
(c) Spirogyra (iii) Diploid dominant
Options:
1. (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i)
2. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii)
3. (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii)
4. (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii)
Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Moss has a dominant gametophyte (haploid), Fern has dominant sporophyte with prothallus, and Spirogyra is haploid dominant. This demonstrates different life cycle strategies among plants, highlighting alternation of generations with variable dominance.

5. Fill in the Blanks:
The gametophyte of a fern is called __________.
Options:
(a) Sporangium
(b) Prothallus
(c) Archegonium
(d) Sporophyte
Explanation: The correct answer is (b) Prothallus. The fern gametophyte, or prothallus, is small, green, and photosynthetic. It produces gametes for sexual reproduction and supports the development of the sporophyte, which becomes the dominant and familiar leafy plant form.

6. Which plant shows alternation of generations with dominant sporophyte?
Options:
(a) Funaria
(b) Fern
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Chlamydomonas
Explanation: The correct answer is (b) Fern. Ferns display alternation of generations with a dominant diploid sporophyte and a reduced haploid gametophyte. This structural organization allows efficient nutrient transport and reproduction, typical of vascular plants with independent sporophyte.

7. In mosses, the sporophyte is:
Options:
(a) Independent
(b) Short-lived and dependent
(c) Leafy
(d) Photosynthetic
Explanation: The correct answer is (b) Short-lived and dependent. In mosses like Funaria, the sporophyte grows on the gametophyte and depends on it for nutrients. The gametophyte is dominant, photosynthetic, and independent, illustrating haploid dominance and alternation of generations in bryophytes.

8. Choose the correct statements:
(i) Cycas has a reduced gametophyte
(ii) Ferns have free-living gametophytes
(iii) Spirogyra sporophyte is dominant
(iv) Funaria has dominant gametophyte
Options:
(a) i, ii, iv
(b) ii, iii
(c) i, iii, iv
(d) i, ii, iii, iv
Explanation: The correct answer is (a) i, ii, iv. Cycas has a reduced gametophyte, ferns have free-living prothalli, and Funaria shows gametophyte dominance. Spirogyra has a dominant haploid gametophyte, not sporophyte, demonstrating different life cycle strategies among lower and higher plants.

9. Which of the following is a vascular plant with dominant sporophyte?
Options:
(a) Fern
(b) Moss
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Chara
Explanation: The correct answer is (a) Fern. Ferns are vascular plants with xylem and phloem, and their life cycle has a dominant diploid sporophyte alternating with a small haploid gametophyte, the prothallus. Moss and algae are non-vascular or haploid-dominant, unlike ferns.

10. In Spirogyra, fertilization occurs by:
Options:
(a) Conjugation
(b) Pollination
(c) Spore dispersal
(d) Budding
Explanation: The correct answer is (a) Conjugation. In Spirogyra, haploid filaments form conjugation tubes allowing gamete transfer. Fertilization produces a zygote, which develops into a sporophyte phase. This simple sexual process exemplifies haploid-dominant life cycles in algae.

Topic: Floral Formulae and Families
Subtopic: Matching Floral Formula with Families

Keyword Definitions:

• Floral formula: A symbolic representation of flower structure showing calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.

• Brassicaceae: Family with cruciform corolla and tetradynamous stamens.

• Fabaceae: Family with papilionaceous corolla and diadelphous stamens.

• Solanaceae: Family with epipetalous stamens and bicarpellary ovary.

• Liliaceae: Monocot family with trimerous flowers and superior ovary.

Lead Question - 2021

Match Column - I with Column - II.

(a) ♂♀K(5)C1+2+(2)A(9)+1G1
(b) ♂♀K(5)C(5)A5G2
(c) ♂♀P(3+3)A3+3G(3)
(d) ♂♀K2+2C4A2+2G(2)

Column - II
(i) Brassicaceae
(ii) Liliaceae
(iii) Fabaceae
(iv) Solanaceae

(1) (a-i), (b-ii), (c-iii), (d-iv)
(2) (a-ii), (b-iii), (c-iv), (d-i)
(3) (a-iv), (b-iii), (c-i), (d-ii)
(4) (a-iii), (b-iv), (c-ii), (d-i)

Explanation: The correct answer is option (1). Formula (a) belongs to Fabaceae with diadelphous stamens. Formula (b) represents Solanaceae with pentamerous flowers. Formula (c) belongs to Liliaceae with trimerous flowers. Formula (d) represents Brassicaceae with tetradynamous stamens. Thus, (a-i), (b-ii), (c-iii), (d-iv) is the correct matching sequence.

Guessed Questions

1) In Brassicaceae, stamens are typically:
(1) Monadelphous
(2) Diadelphous
(3) Tetradynamous
(4) Polyandrous

Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Brassicaceae flowers show tetradynamous condition, where six stamens are present, four long and two short. This characteristic feature helps in identification of the family. Such floral adaptation ensures efficient pollination and is unique to the mustard family members.

2) In Fabaceae, the corolla is:
(1) Cruciform
(2) Papilionaceous
(3) Gamopetalous
(4) Rotate

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Fabaceae members have papilionaceous corolla, composed of a standard, two wings, and a keel. This structure is specialized for pollination in legumes like pea and bean. The papilionaceous arrangement ensures proper landing platform and protection of reproductive structures.

3) Which feature is typical of Solanaceae?
(1) Polycarpellary ovary
(2) Epipetalous stamens
(3) Diadelphous condition
(4) Unilocular ovary

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Solanaceae flowers have stamens attached to petals, called epipetalous stamens. This feature, along with bicarpellary syncarpous ovary and axile placentation, distinguishes the family. Examples include tomato, potato, and brinjal, which are widely cultivated food crops.

4) In Liliaceae, flowers are:
(1) Pentamerous
(2) Tetramerous
(3) Trimerous
(4) Dimerous

Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Liliaceae, being a monocot family, has trimerous flowers with floral parts in multiples of three. This is a key identifying feature of monocots. Members like onion and tulip display this arrangement. The ovary is superior and trilocular.

5) In Fabaceae, stamens are:
(1) Monadelphous
(2) Diadelphous
(3) Polyandrous
(4) Syngenesious

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Fabaceae flowers typically have diadelphous stamens, where ten stamens are present, nine fused and one free. This condition supports pollination by providing mechanical aid. It is an important diagnostic feature for identifying this family among dicot plants.

6) Which of the following shows a cruciform corolla?
(1) Mustard
(2) Pea
(3) Potato
(4) Onion

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Mustard, belonging to Brassicaceae, shows cruciform corolla where four free petals are arranged in the shape of a cross. This characteristic arrangement is distinctive for the family and aids in recognizing cruciferous vegetables such as radish, cabbage, and cauliflower.

7) Assertion (A): Solanaceae members have epipetalous stamens.
Reason (R): Stamens arise from the gynoecium.
(1) Both A and R are true, R explains A
(2) A true, R false
(3) A false, R true
(4) Both A and R false

Explanation: The correct answer is (2). In Solanaceae, stamens are epipetalous, meaning they are attached to petals, not arising from the gynoecium. Thus, assertion is correct but reason is false. This feature helps in pollination and is characteristic of the family.

8) Match the following:

(a) Brassicaceae → (i) Cruciform corolla
(b) Fabaceae → (ii) Papilionaceous corolla
(c) Solanaceae → (iii) Epipetalous stamens
(d) Liliaceae → (iv) Trimerous flowers

(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii
(3) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
(4) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Brassicaceae has cruciform corolla, Fabaceae has papilionaceous corolla, Solanaceae has epipetalous stamens, and Liliaceae shows trimerous flowers. These diagnostic characters are essential for classifying plants into families based on their floral morphology.

9) Fill in the blank: The floral formula of Fabaceae is represented as __________.
(1) K5C1+2+(2)A9+1G1
(2) K(5)C(5)A5G2
(3) P3+3A3+3G(3)
(4) K2+2C4A2+2G(2)

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Fabaceae has floral formula K5C1+2+(2)A9+1G1, where the papilionaceous corolla is represented as standard, wings, and keel, with diadelphous stamens and a monocarpellary ovary. This formula is diagnostic for the family, especially legumes like pea and bean.

10) Choose the correct statements:
(1) Brassicaceae has cruciform corolla.
(2) Fabaceae shows diadelphous stamens.
(3) Solanaceae flowers are pentamerous.
(4) Liliaceae has trimerous flowers.

(1) 1, 2, 3, and 4
(2) 1, 2, and 4 only
(3) 1 and 3 only
(4) 2 and 4 only

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). All statements are true: Brassicaceae has cruciform corolla, Fabaceae has diadelphous stamens, Solanaceae has pentamerous epipetalous flowers, and Liliaceae has trimerous flowers. These features serve as important diagnostic characteristics for classification of angiosperm families.

Topic: Pollination Biology
Subtopic: Pollen Viability

Keyword Definitions:

• Pollen viability: Ability of pollen grains to remain alive and functional for fertilization.

• Poaceae: Family of grasses, including wheat, rice, and maize.

• Leguminosae: Plant family including beans, peas, and lentils.

• Solanaceae: Family of plants including potato, tomato, and brinjal.

• Rosaceae: Plant family including rose, apple, and strawberry.

Lead Question - 2021
In some members of which of the following pairs of families, pollen grains retain their viability for months after release?
(1) Poaceae ; Leguminosae
(2) Poaceae ; Solanaceae
(3) Rosaceae ; Leguminosae
(4) Poaceae ; Rosaceae

Explanation: Pollen viability varies greatly among plant families. Members of Poaceae and Rosaceae retain viable pollen grains for months, enhancing fertilization chances under varied conditions. This adaptation supports successful reproduction. Thus, the correct answer is (4) Poaceae; Rosaceae.

1. Pollen grains in which plant family commonly lose viability within a few minutes of release?
(1) Rice (Poaceae)
(2) Leguminosae
(3) Rosaceae
(4) Solanaceae

Explanation: In cereals like rice and wheat (Poaceae), pollen viability is very short, sometimes lasting only a few minutes, due to thin exine. This ensures rapid pollination in windy environments. Thus, the correct answer is (1) Rice (Poaceae).

2. In which plant family do pollen grains often remain viable for several months, aiding cross-pollination?
(1) Leguminosae
(2) Solanaceae
(3) Rosaceae
(4) Poaceae

Explanation: Rosaceae pollen grains can survive for long durations, sometimes months, ensuring successful pollination across seasons. This is crucial in fruit-bearing plants like apple and pear. Thus, the correct answer is (3) Rosaceae.

3. Assertion (A): In Rosaceae, pollen viability lasts for months.
Reason (R): Thick exine and protective compounds in pollen coat enhance longevity.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true, R is false.
(4) A is false, R is true.

Explanation: Pollen longevity in Rosaceae is due to structural adaptations like thick exine and sporopollenin presence. These ensure resistance against dehydration. Both assertion and reason are true, and R correctly explains A. Thus, the correct answer is (1).

4. Match the following families with approximate pollen viability duration:
A. Poaceae
B. Rosaceae
C. Solanaceae
D. Leguminosae

(1) A - Minutes, B - Months, C - Hours, D - Days
(2) A - Hours, B - Days, C - Months, D - Minutes
(3) A - Months, B - Hours, C - Days, D - Minutes
(4) A - Days, B - Months, C - Hours, D - Minutes

Explanation: Poaceae pollen lasts minutes, Rosaceae months, Solanaceae hours, and Leguminosae days. This variation ensures reproductive success adapted to pollination mechanisms. Thus, the correct answer is (1).

5. Fill in the blank:
Pollen grains of ___________ remain viable for months due to their thick exine and protective structures.
(1) Rice
(2) Rose
(3) Tomato
(4) Gram

Explanation: Rose belongs to Rosaceae, where pollen grains remain viable for months. Structural features like sporopollenin in the exine prevent desiccation and degradation, ensuring longer reproductive capacity. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Rose.

6. Which one of the following plants has the shortest pollen viability?
(1) Wheat
(2) Apple
(3) Tomato
(4) Gram

Explanation: Wheat, a member of Poaceae, has pollen viability lasting only a few minutes. This adaptation facilitates rapid wind pollination. Apple (Rosaceae), tomato (Solanaceae), and gram (Leguminosae) show longer viability compared to wheat. Thus, the correct answer is (1) Wheat.

7. Which of the following statements about pollen viability is correct?
(1) Poaceae pollen lasts months.
(2) Rosaceae pollen lasts months.
(3) Solanaceae pollen lasts days.
(4) Leguminosae pollen lasts minutes.

Explanation: Rosaceae pollen grains remain viable for months, while Poaceae lasts minutes, Solanaceae hours, and Leguminosae days. This diversity reflects reproductive adaptations in different ecological settings. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Rosaceae pollen lasts months.

8. Which adaptation ensures high pollen viability in Rosaceae family members?
(1) Thin exine
(2) Sporopollenin in exine
(3) Absence of coat
(4) Rapid hydration

Explanation: Sporopollenin in the exine of pollen grains is the toughest organic compound, preventing degradation and ensuring long-term viability. This feature allows Rosaceae pollen to survive months after release. Thus, the correct answer is (2) Sporopollenin in exine.

9. Choose the correct statements about pollen viability:
(1) Poaceae pollen lasts a few minutes.
(2) Rosaceae pollen lasts months.
(3) Solanaceae pollen lasts hours.
(4) Leguminosae pollen lasts days.
(1) 1, 2 and 3 only
(2) 2, 3 and 4 only
(3) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(4) 1 and 4 only

Explanation: Pollen viability differs among families: Poaceae – minutes, Rosaceae – months, Solanaceae – hours, Leguminosae – days. All given statements are correct. Thus, the correct answer is (3) 1, 2, 3 and 4.

10. In which of the following does pollen viability remain longest?
(1) Wheat
(2) Tomato
(3) Gram
(4) Apple

Explanation: Apple, belonging to Rosaceae, has pollen grains viable for months, ensuring cross-pollination and fruit set. Wheat, tomato, and gram show shorter viability. Thus, the correct answer is (4) Apple.

Subtopic: Gemmae and Vegetative Propagation

Keyword Definitions:

• Gemmae: Small multicellular structures capable of developing into a new individual, aiding in asexual reproduction.

• Liverworts: Non-vascular plants of the group Marchantiophyta, often reproducing by gemmae.

• Pteridophytes: Vascular plants reproducing via spores without seeds, including ferns and horsetails.

• Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants that do not form flowers or fruits, like pine and cedar.

• Mosses: Small, non-vascular plants reproducing via spores, typically forming dense green mats.

• Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction without gamete fusion, producing genetically identical offspring from a single parent.

• Vegetative Propagation: Type of asexual reproduction in plants using vegetative parts like leaves, stems, or gemmae.

• Marchantia: A genus of liverworts that propagates using gemmae cups for asexual reproduction.

Lead Question - 2021

Gemmae are present in:
(1) Pteridophytes
(2) Some Gymnosperms
(3) Some Liverworts
(4) Mosses

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Some Liverworts. Gemmae are specialized multicellular bodies for asexual reproduction, commonly found in liverworts like Marchantia. They detach from the parent plant and develop into new gametophytes, ensuring propagation without gamete fusion, and are absent in gymnosperms, mosses, and pteridophytes.

Guessed Questions:

1) Single Correct Answer: Gemma cups are characteristic of:
(1) Marchantia
(2) Funaria
(3) Cycas
(4) Pteris

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Marchantia. Gemma cups on the dorsal surface produce gemmae for asexual reproduction. This adaptation ensures vegetative propagation independent of water and gametes. Other options like Funaria, Cycas, and Pteris reproduce differently and do not produce gemmae.

2) Single Correct Answer: Gemmae are mainly involved in:
(1) Sexual reproduction
(2) Asexual reproduction
(3) Spore formation
(4) Seed formation

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Asexual reproduction. Gemmae develop into new individuals without gamete fusion, ensuring propagation in liverworts. They bypass sexual reproduction and seed formation, forming independent gametophytes identical to the parent.

3) Single Correct Answer: Which structure produces gemmae in liverworts?
(1) Antheridium
(2) Archegonium
(3) Gemma cup
(4) Sporangium

Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Gemma cup. These cup-shaped structures on the thallus surface contain gemmae, which disperse through rainwater. Antheridium and archegonium are sexual organs, while sporangium produces spores in pteridophytes, not gemmae.

4) Assertion (A): Gemmae detach from parent to form new plants.
Reason (R): They are multicellular and genetically identical to the parent.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true

Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Gemmae are multicellular and identical to the parent. When detached, they develop into new gametophytes independently. Their structure ensures vegetative propagation and survival in liverwort habitats without sexual reproduction.

5) Single Correct Answer: Which of the following plants reproduce using gemmae?
(1) Riccia
(2) Pinus
(3) Funaria
(4) Marsilea

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Riccia. Gemmae in Riccia enable asexual reproduction by forming new gametophytes. Pinus, Funaria, and Marsilea reproduce via seeds or spores and do not produce gemmae for propagation.

6) Single Correct Answer: Gemmae help liverworts in:
(1) Sexual reproduction
(2) Vegetative propagation
(3) Spore dispersal
(4) Fertilization

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Vegetative propagation. Gemmae develop into new gametophytes identical to the parent, enabling asexual reproduction and colonization of habitat. They do not participate in sexual reproduction, spore dispersal, or fertilization.

7) Matching Type: Match plant groups with asexual structures.
List-I  List-II
(a) Liverworts    (i) Gemmae
(b) Ferns    (ii) Rhizomes
(c) Bryophytes    (iii) Buds
(d) Angiosperms    (iv) Stolons

Explanation: Correct answer: (a) i, (b) ii, (c) iii, (d) iv. Liverworts produce gemmae for asexual reproduction, ferns use rhizomes, bryophytes may produce buds, and angiosperms can propagate via stolons or runners.

8) Single Correct Answer: Gemmae are found in which generation?
(1) Sporophyte
(2) Gametophyte
(3) Both
(4) Neither

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Gametophyte. Gemmae are produced on the gametophyte thallus of liverworts like Marchantia and develop into new gametophytes. Sporophytes produce spores, not gemmae.

9) Fill in the blank: Gemmae are dispersed primarily by ______.
(1) Wind
(2) Water
(3) Animals
(4) Gravity

Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Water. Rain splashes gemmae out of gemma cups, allowing them to colonize new areas. This water-mediated dispersal ensures efficient asexual propagation in liverworts.

10) Choose the correct statements:
(a) Gemmae are multicellular.
(b) Gemmae develop into new plants.
(c) They are found in liverworts.
(d) They participate in sexual reproduction.
Options:
(1) a, b, c
(2) a, b, d
(3) b, c, d
(4) All are correct

Explanation: The correct answer is (1) a, b, c. Gemmae are multicellular, develop into new gametophytes, and are characteristic of liverworts. They do not participate in sexual reproduction, making option (d) incorrect.

Topic: Pteridophytes
Subtopic: Heterospory and Seed Habit

Keyword Definitions:

• Heterospory: Condition in which a plant produces two different types of spores – microspores and megaspores.

• Homosporous: Plants producing only one kind of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte.

• Microspore: Small spore that develops into male gametophyte.

• Megaspore: Larger spore that develops into female gametophyte.

• Selaginella: A heterosporous pteridophyte often called ‘living fossil’ or ‘resurrection plant’.

• Salvinia: An aquatic heterosporous fern producing both microspores and megaspores.

Lead Question - 2021

Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia produce two kinds of spores. Such plants are known as:
(1) Heterosorus
(2) Homosporous
(3) Heterosporous
(4) Homosorus

Explanation:
Plants like Selaginella and Salvinia produce microspores and megaspores. This phenomenon is called heterospory, which is important in the evolution of seed habit. Homospory involves one type of spore. The correct term is heterosporous. Thus, the correct answer is option (3) heterosporous.

1) Which of the following is a homosporous pteridophyte?
(1) Selaginella
(2) Salvinia
(3) Lycopodium
(4) Marsilea

Explanation:
Lycopodium is a homosporous pteridophyte producing only one kind of spore. Selaginella, Salvinia, and Marsilea are heterosporous pteridophytes that produce two types of spores. Thus, the correct answer is Lycopodium.

2) Which of the following is considered the evolutionary significance of heterospory?
(1) Evolution of vascular tissue
(2) Evolution of alternation of generations
(3) Evolution of seed habit
(4) Evolution of root system

Explanation:
Heterospory led to the differentiation of microspores and megaspores, which formed separate male and female gametophytes. This condition paved the way for the evolution of seed habit in higher plants. Hence, the correct answer is evolution of seed habit.

3) In Selaginella, microspores develop into:
(1) Female gametophyte
(2) Male gametophyte
(3) Sporophyte
(4) Embryo

Explanation:
In Selaginella, the microspores develop into male gametophytes that produce antheridia and male gametes. The megaspores develop into female gametophytes that produce archegonia and eggs. Thus, the correct answer is male gametophyte.

4) Assertion (A): Marsilea is heterosporous.
Reason (R): It produces morphologically similar spores.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of A
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not correct explanation of A
(3) A is true but R is false
(4) A is false but R is true

Explanation:
Marsilea is a heterosporous aquatic fern, producing microspores and megaspores. The Reason given is false because heterospory involves dissimilar spores, not similar ones. Hence, Assertion is true but Reason is false. Correct answer: option (3).

5) Match the following:
(a) Selaginella - (i) Homosporous
(b) Lycopodium - (ii) Heterosporous
(c) Salvinia - (iii) Seed habit evolution
(d) Heterospory - (iv) Microspores and Megaspores
Options:
(1) a-ii, b-i, c-ii, d-iv
(2) a-i, b-ii, c-i, d-iii
(3) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i
(4) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-ii

Explanation:
Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous, Lycopodium is homosporous, and heterospory indicates differentiation into microspores and megaspores. Thus, the correct match is a-ii, b-i, c-ii, d-iv. Correct answer is option (1).

6) Fill in the blank: In heterosporous plants, the female gametophyte is retained inside the ______.
(1) Microsporangium
(2) Megasporangium
(3) Antheridium
(4) Sporophyll

Explanation:
In heterosporous plants, the female gametophyte is retained inside the megasporangium, which offers protection and nourishment. This condition is a precursor to the seed habit found in gymnosperms and angiosperms. Thus, the correct answer is megasporangium.

7) Choose the correct statements:
(i) Selaginella is homosporous.
(ii) Salvinia is heterosporous.
(iii) Heterospory is seen in some pteridophytes.
(iv) Homospory is the rule in bryophytes.
Options:
(1) ii, iii, iv
(2) i and ii only
(3) ii and iv only
(4) i, ii, iii, and iv

Explanation:
Selaginella is heterosporous, so statement (i) is false. Salvinia is heterosporous, statement (ii) is correct. Heterospory occurs in some pteridophytes like Selaginella, Salvinia, and Marsilea, so statement (iii) is correct. Bryophytes are homosporous, so statement (iv) is correct. Correct answer: option (1).

8) In Salvinia, the megaspores develop into:
(1) Male gametophyte
(2) Female gametophyte
(3) Sporophyte
(4) Prothallus with antheridia