Keyword Definitions:
Plasmodium – Protozoan parasite causing malaria in humans, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes.
Sporozoites – Infectious stage of Plasmodium injected by mosquito into human bloodstream.
Trophozoites – Active feeding stage of Plasmodium inside red blood cells.
Gametocytes – Sexual forms of Plasmodium; male and female forms develop in humans and infect mosquitoes.
Malaria – Disease caused by Plasmodium species, characterized by fever, chills, anemia, and organ enlargement.
Vector – Organism that transmits a pathogen; Anopheles mosquito is vector for Plasmodium.
Lead Question - 2020
The infectious stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body is :
(1) Female gametocytes
(2) Male gametocytes
(3) Trophozoites
(4) Sporozoites
Explanation: The infectious stage of Plasmodium injected by an infected Anopheles mosquito into human bloodstream is sporozoites. They travel to the liver to initiate infection. Trophozoites develop later inside red blood cells, while gametocytes are sexual stages ingested by mosquitoes. Correct answer is (4) Sporozoites.
1. Single Correct Answer: Which stage of Plasmodium is responsible for clinical symptoms in humans?
(1) Sporozoites
(2) Trophozoites
(3) Gametocytes
(4) Ookinetes
Explanation: Trophozoites multiply inside red blood cells causing hemolysis, leading to fever and anemia. Sporozoites infect liver, gametocytes are for mosquito transmission, ookinetes occur in mosquito gut. Correct answer is (2) Trophozoites.
2. Single Correct Answer: The vector for Plasmodium transmission is:
(1) Culex mosquito
(2) Anopheles mosquito
(3) Aedes mosquito
(4) Tsetse fly
Explanation: Anopheles mosquitoes are the specific vectors that transmit Plasmodium sporozoites to humans. Culex and Aedes transmit other diseases, Tsetse fly transmits Trypanosoma. Correct answer is (2) Anopheles mosquito.
3. Single Correct Answer: The stage that develops inside red blood cells is:
(1) Sporozoites
(2) Trophozoites
(3) Gametocytes
(4) Zygotes
Explanation: Trophozoites are the active feeding stage inside red blood cells causing hemolysis. Sporozoites infect liver, gametocytes are sexual forms, zygotes form in mosquito gut. Correct answer is (2) Trophozoites.
4. Assertion-Reason:
Assertion (A): Sporozoites enter human liver cells after mosquito bite.
Reason (R): Sporozoites are the sexual stage of Plasmodium.
(1) Both A and R true, R explains A
(2) Both A and R true, R does not explain A
(3) A true, R false
(4) A false, R true
Explanation: Sporozoites invade liver cells, but they are not sexual forms; gametocytes are sexual stages. A is correct, R is false. Correct answer is (3) A true, R false.
5. Single Correct Answer: Sexual forms of Plasmodium are:
(1) Trophozoites
(2) Sporozoites
(3) Gametocytes
(4) Merozoites
Explanation: Gametocytes are sexual forms taken up by mosquito during blood meal. Trophozoites and merozoites are asexual, sporozoites are infectious. Correct answer is (3) Gametocytes.
6. Single Correct Answer: Plasmodium sporozoites develop into which stage in the liver?
(1) Trophozoites
(2) Gametocytes
(3) Zygotes
(4) Ookinetes
Explanation: Sporozoites infect hepatocytes and develop into schizonts containing merozoites. Correct answer is (1) Trophozoites.
7. Matching Type: Match column I with column II:
a. Infective stage – i. Sporozoites
b. Sexual stage in human – ii. Gametocytes
c. Mosquito gut stage – iii. Ookinetes
d. RBC stage – iv. Trophozoites
(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
(3) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
(4) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
Explanation: Infective stage is sporozoites (a-i), sexual stage in human is gametocytes (b-ii), mosquito gut stage is ookinetes (c-iii), RBC stage is trophozoites (d-iv). Correct answer is (1).
8. Fill in the blank: The Plasmodium stage transmitted by mosquito bite is ______.
(1) Sporozoites
(2) Trophozoites
(3) Gametocytes
(4) Merozoites
Explanation: Sporozoites are injected into human bloodstream by infected Anopheles mosquito and initiate liver stage infection. Correct answer is (1).
9. Single Correct Answer: Which stage multiplies inside human RBCs?
(1) Sporozoites
(2) Merozoites
(3) Gametocytes
(4) Zygotes
Explanation: Merozoites released from liver schizonts invade RBCs, multiply asexually, and develop into trophozoites. Correct answer is (2) Merozoites.
10. Choose the correct statements:
(a) Sporozoites are infective to humans
(b) Gametocytes are sexual forms in humans
(c) Trophozoites cause clinical symptoms
(d) Ookinetes are in human RBCs
(1) a, b, c
(2) a, c, d
(3) b, c, d
(4) a, b, d
Explanation: Sporozoites infect humans (a), gametocytes are sexual stages (b), trophozoites cause symptoms (c). Ookinetes occur in mosquito gut, not in humans. Correct answer is (1) a, b, c.
Topic: Protozoa
Subtopic: Ciliates and Locomotion
Keyword Definitions:
• Ciliates: Protozoans with cilia for locomotion and feeding, and two types of nuclei.
• Nuclei: Cellular organelles containing genetic material; ciliates have a macronucleus and micronucleus.
• Flagella: Whip-like structures used by some protozoans for movement.
• Pseudopodia: Temporary cytoplasmic extensions used for movement and engulfing prey.
• Contractile vacuole: Organelle that expels excess water to maintain osmotic balance.
Lead Question - 2018
Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in :
(A) having two types of nuclei
(B) using flagella for locomotion
(C) using pseudopodia for capturing prey
(D) having a contractile vacuole for removing excess water
Explanation:
Answer is (A). Ciliates are unique among protozoans because they possess two distinct types of nuclei: a macronucleus for daily cellular functions and a micronucleus for reproduction. This nuclear dimorphism differentiates them from other protozoans which typically have a single nucleus.
Guessed Questions for NEET UG:
1) Single Correct: What is the primary locomotory organelle in ciliates?
(A) Flagella
(B) Cilia
(C) Pseudopodia
(D) None
Explanation:
Answer is (B). Cilia are short hair-like projections covering ciliates, enabling coordinated movement and feeding.
2) Single Correct: The macronucleus in ciliates is responsible for:
(A) Sexual reproduction
(B) Daily metabolic functions
(C) Water expulsion
(D) Locomotion
Explanation:
Answer is (B). The macronucleus controls non-reproductive cell functions such as metabolism and growth, while the micronucleus participates in sexual reproduction.
3) Single Correct: Which of the following protozoans use pseudopodia for locomotion?
(A) Paramecium
(B) Amoeba
(C) Euglena
(D) Vorticella
Explanation:
Answer is (B). Amoebae extend pseudopodia for movement and capturing prey, unlike ciliates which use cilia.
4) Assertion-Reason:
Assertion: Ciliates have a contractile vacuole.
Reason: Contractile vacuole is used to remove excess water.
(A) Both true, Reason correct
(B) Both true, Reason incorrect
(C) Assertion true, Reason false
(D) Both false
Explanation:
Answer is (A). The contractile vacuole in ciliates expels excess water to maintain osmotic balance, essential in freshwater habitats.
5) Single Correct: Which nucleus in ciliates is involved in conjugation?
(A) Macronucleus
(B) Micronucleus
(C) Both
(D) Neither
Explanation:
Answer is (B). The micronucleus undergoes meiosis and exchange during conjugation, enabling genetic recombination in ciliates.
6) Single Correct: Which structure is absent in ciliates but present in flagellates?
(A) Cilia
(B) Flagella
(C) Contractile vacuole
(D) Macronucleus
Explanation:
Answer is (B). Flagella are absent in ciliates, which rely on cilia for locomotion, while flagellates use flagella.
7) Matching Type:
Column I | Column II
a. Paramecium | i. Cilia
b. Amoeba | ii. Pseudopodia
c. Euglena | iii. Flagella
(A) a-i, b-ii, c-iii
(B) a-ii, b-i, c-iii
(C) a-iii, b-ii, c-i
(D) a-i, b-iii, c-ii
Explanation:
Answer is (A). Paramecium uses cilia, Amoeba moves by pseudopodia, and Euglena swims using a flagellum.
8) Fill in the Blank:
Ciliates possess two types of nuclei called ______ and ______.
(A) Macronucleus, micronucleus
(B) Nucleolus, macronucleus
(C) Chromatin, nucleolus
(D) Mitochondrion, nucleus
Explanation:
Answer is (A). Ciliates have a macronucleus controlling metabolism and a micronucleus for reproductive processes, unique among protozoans.
9) Choose the correct statements:
(i) Cilia are used for locomotion and feeding.
(ii) All protozoans have two types of nuclei.
(iii) Contractile vacuoles help in osmoregulation.
(A) i and iii only
(B) i and ii only
(C) ii and iii only
(D) i, ii, iii
Explanation:
Answer is (A). Cilia aid in movement and food capture, and contractile vacuoles maintain osmotic balance; only ciliates have two types of nuclei.
10) Clinical-type: A defect in ciliate micronucleus could result in:
(A) Impaired conjugation
(B) Loss of cilia
(C) Inability to expel water
(D) Loss of feeding ability
Explanation:
Answer is (A). The micronucleus is essential for sexual reproduction (conjugation). Its defect may prevent genetic recombination, although feeding and locomotion remain functional.
Subtopic: Algae and Their Uses
Keyword Definitions:
• Laminaria: Brown algae commonly used as food and for alginate extraction.
• Sargassum: Brown algae found floating in oceans, used in food and industry.
• Algae: Photosynthetic organisms that increase oxygen levels in aquatic environments.
• Algin: Polysaccharide obtained from brown algae, used as thickener in food.
• Carrageenan: Polysaccharide extracted from red algae used in food processing.
• Agar-agar: Gelatinous substance from red algae used as culture medium and in food industry.
• Gelidium and Gracilaria: Red algae sources of agar-agar.
Lead Question - 2016 (Phase 2):
Which one of the following statements is wrong ?
(1) Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food
(2) Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the immediate environment
(3) Algin is obtained from red algae, and carrageenan from brown algae
(4) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Algin is obtained from red algae, and carrageenan from brown algae. This is incorrect because algin is obtained from brown algae and carrageenan from red algae. Both substances are polysaccharides widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries.
1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which pigment is commonly found in brown algae?
(1) Chlorophyll-a
(2) Phycoerythrin
(3) Fucoxanthin
(4) Phycocyanin
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Fucoxanthin. Brown algae possess fucoxanthin pigment, giving them a characteristic brown color. This pigment is essential for absorbing light in deep waters where light is limited.
2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following is used as a culture medium in microbiology?
(1) Algin
(2) Carrageenan
(3) Agar-agar
(4) Cellulose
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Agar-agar. Agar-agar derived from red algae like Gelidium and Gracilaria is widely used in labs to grow bacterial and fungal cultures due to its gel-forming property.
3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
What is the primary function of algae in aquatic ecosystems?
(1) Provide shelter
(2) Increase dissolved oxygen
(3) Consume pollutants
(4) Decrease biodiversity
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Increase dissolved oxygen. Algae perform photosynthesis, releasing oxygen into water, thus maintaining aquatic ecosystem health and supporting aquatic life.
4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which polysaccharide is used as a thickening agent in ice creams and desserts?
(1) Starch
(2) Algin
(3) Cellulose
(4) Glycogen
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Algin. Extracted from brown algae, algin is used in food industries as a thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying agent, especially in ice creams and desserts.
5. Single Correct Answer MCQ (Clinical Type):
Which algae-derived compound is useful in microbiological research?
(1) Fucoxanthin
(2) Algin
(3) Agar-agar
(4) Carrageenan
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Agar-agar. Agar-agar is widely used as a solidifying agent in microbiological culture media, aiding in bacterial and fungal growth studies.
6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Carrageenan is extracted from:
(1) Green algae
(2) Red algae
(3) Brown algae
(4) Blue-green algae
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Red algae. Carrageenan, a polysaccharide used for gelling and thickening, is extracted from red algae like Kappaphycus and Eucheuma species.
7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Algin is widely used as a food stabilizer.
Reason (R): It is extracted from brown algae and forms gels in aqueous solutions.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true, but R is false.
(4) Both A and R are false.
Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of A. Algin from brown algae is extensively used in food products for its gel-forming properties.
8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match algae with product obtained:
A. Gelidium
B. Sargassum
C. Kappaphycus
D. Laminaria
1. Agar-agar
2. Algin
3. Carrageenan
4. Food
(1) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(2) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
(3) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
(4) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2. Gelidium provides agar-agar; Sargassum is edible; Kappaphycus yields carrageenan; Laminaria is a source of algin.
9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
________ is obtained from brown algae and used as thickening agent in food products.
(1) Agar-agar
(2) Algin
(3) Carrageenan
(4) Starch
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Algin. Algin is a polysaccharide extracted from brown algae like Laminaria and Sargassum, used extensively as a thickening and stabilizing agent in food products.
10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:
Select the correct statements regarding algae and their products:
(1) Agar-agar is obtained from red algae.
(2) Algin is derived from brown algae.
(3) Carrageenan comes from green algae.
(4) Algae contribute to oxygen levels in water.
(1) 1, 2, and 4 only
(2) 1 and 3 only
(3) 2 and 4 only
(4) All of the above
Explanation: The correct answer is (1) 1, 2, and 4 only. Agar-agar comes from red algae, algin from brown algae, and algae increase dissolved oxygen in water. Carrageenan comes from red algae, not green algae.
Topic: Algae
Subtopic: Diatoms and Their Ecological Importance
Keyword Definitions:
• Diatoms: Microscopic, unicellular algae with silica-based cell walls, important for aquatic ecosystems.
• Diatomaceous Earth: Sedimentary deposit formed from fossilized remains of diatoms' silica cell walls.
• Microscopic: Organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, requiring a microscope.
• Chief Producers: Organisms that perform photosynthesis and form the base of aquatic food webs.
Lead Question - 2016 (Phase 2):
Select the wrong statement
(1) Diatoms are microscopic and float passively in water
(2) The walls of diatoms are easily destructible
(3) ‘Diatomaceous earth’ is formed by the cell walls of diatoms
(4) Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) The walls of diatoms are easily destructible. This is incorrect because diatom walls are made of silica (silicon dioxide), making them very sturdy and resistant to decomposition. These walls contribute to diatomaceous earth formation and play a key role in oceanic ecosystems.
1. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
What is the primary composition of diatom cell walls?
(1) Cellulose
(2) Chitin
(3) Silica
(4) Pectin
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Silica. Diatoms have rigid cell walls composed of silica, called frustules, which protect them and contribute to the formation of diatomaceous earth used in industry.
2. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Diatoms contribute to the carbon cycle by:
(1) Fixing atmospheric nitrogen
(2) Producing methane
(3) Photosynthesis and carbon fixation
(4) Decomposing organic matter
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Photosynthesis and carbon fixation. Diatoms are major primary producers in aquatic environments, converting CO₂ into organic compounds and oxygen, thus playing a crucial role in global carbon cycling.
3. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Diatomaceous earth is used in:
(1) Water filtration
(2) Insulation materials
(3) Pest control
(4) All of the above
Explanation: The correct answer is (4) All of the above. Diatomaceous earth, composed of fossilized diatom silica walls, is widely used for filtration, as a natural pesticide, and in insulation due to its porous structure.
4. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which of the following is true about diatoms?
(1) They are multicellular
(2) They lack chlorophyll
(3) They float passively in water
(4) They consume organic material
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) They float passively in water. Diatoms are microscopic, photosynthetic algae that drift in aquatic environments, forming a significant part of the plankton community.
5. Single Correct Answer MCQ (Clinical Type):
Why is diatomaceous earth considered safe in pest control?
(1) Toxic to humans
(2) Absorbs oils and fats from insect exoskeletons
(3) Releases harmful gases
(4) Contains synthetic chemicals
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Absorbs oils and fats from insect exoskeletons. Diatomaceous earth kills insects by damaging their protective exoskeletons through physical abrasion and desiccation without chemical toxins.
6. Single Correct Answer MCQ:
Which pigment is primarily responsible for diatoms’ golden-brown color?
(1) Chlorophyll a
(2) Phycoerythrin
(3) Fucoxanthin
(4) Phycocyanin
Explanation: The correct answer is (3) Fucoxanthin. Diatoms contain fucoxanthin, a brown pigment that masks chlorophyll a and gives them their characteristic color, aiding efficient light absorption for photosynthesis.
7. Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Diatoms play a major role in oceanic primary productivity.
Reason (R): They are abundant photosynthetic organisms in aquatic environments.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true, but R is false.
(4) Both A and R are false.
Explanation: The correct answer is (1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. Diatoms, as photosynthetic plankton, significantly contribute to ocean productivity, forming the base of the marine food chain.
8. Matching Type MCQ:
Match the term to its description:
A. Diatomaceous Earth
B. Fucoxanthin
C. Diatom
D. Phytoplankton
1. Silica-based sediment
2. Photosynthetic pigment
3. Unicellular algae
4. Microscopic ocean producer
(1) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(2) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
(3) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
(4) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
Explanation: The correct answer is (1) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4. Diatomaceous earth is formed from silica cell walls; Fucoxanthin is a key pigment; Diatoms are unicellular algae; Phytoplankton are microscopic producers in oceans.
9. Fill in the Blanks MCQ:
Diatoms primarily contribute to ______ in aquatic ecosystems.
(1) Decomposition
(2) Photosynthesis
(3) Parasitism
(4) Nitrogen fixation
Explanation: The correct answer is (2) Photosynthesis. Diatoms are photosynthetic microorganisms that convert sunlight and CO₂ into organic compounds, producing oxygen and forming the base of aquatic food chains.
10. Choose the correct statements MCQ:
Select correct statements about Diatoms:
(1) Their walls are made of silica.
(2) They are primary producers in oceans.
(3) Diatomaceous earth is formed by their remains.
(4) They are multicellular organisms.
(1) 1, 2, and 3 only
(2) 1 and 4 only
(3) 2 and 4 only
(4) All of the above
Explanation: The correct answer is (1) 1, 2, and 3 only. Diatoms have silica walls, are chief producers in oceans, and their fossilized remains form diatomaceous earth. They are unicellular, not multicellular.
Chapter: Biology and Classification of Organisms
Topic: Kingdom Classification
Subtopic: Kingdom Protista
Keyword Definitions:
Chrysophytes: Golden-brown algae with photosynthetic pigments, part of Protista.
Euglenoids: Single-celled organisms with both plant and animal features, motile with flagella.
Dinoflagellates: Marine plankton, some bioluminescent, with two flagella, part of Protista.
Slime Moulds: Protists exhibiting fungus-like life cycle but different in classification.
Protista: Diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, mostly unicellular, including algae and protozoa.
2016 (Phase 1)
Lead Question: Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates and Slime moulds are included in the 'kingdom:
(1) Monera
(2) Protista
(3) Fungi
(4) Animalia
Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, and Slime moulds belong to Kingdom Protista. These organisms are eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, and display characteristics of plants, animals, or fungi. They play essential ecological roles such as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and decomposers in organic matter recycling.
Keyword Definitions:
Eukaryotic: Organisms with cells containing a nucleus and organelles enclosed within membranes.
Single Correct Answer MCQ: Which feature is common to all Protista members?
(1) Multicellularity
(2) Eukaryotic cell structure
(3) Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
(4) Absence of nucleus
Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (2). All Protista members are eukaryotic, meaning they have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Protists are a diverse group, including photosynthetic algae, heterotrophic protozoans, and slime moulds. Their eukaryotic structure distinguishes them from prokaryotes in Kingdom Monera.
Keyword Definitions:
Protozoans: Single-celled, heterotrophic protists found in water or soil environments.
Single Correct Answer MCQ (Clinical Type): Slime moulds are studied in medicine because they:
(1) Cause human infections
(2) Exhibit cell motility useful in cancer research
(3) Are major antibiotic producers
(4) Produce insulin
Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Slime moulds are studied as model organisms in cell motility and signal transduction research. Their unique ability to aggregate and form multicellular structures helps in understanding fundamental processes like chemotaxis, which has implications in cancer metastasis studies.
Keyword Definitions:
Chemotaxis: Movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus.
Single Correct Answer MCQ: Dinoflagellates are known for:
(1) Producing antibiotics
(2) Bioluminescence
(3) Forming lichens
(4) Fixing nitrogen
Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Many dinoflagellates exhibit bioluminescence, emitting light when disturbed, especially in marine environments. This feature aids in ecological interactions and is a defense mechanism. They are also primary producers in aquatic food webs, contributing significantly to oxygen generation.
Keyword Definitions:
Bioluminescence: Emission of light by living organisms, usually as a defense mechanism.
Single Correct Answer MCQ: The locomotory structure of Euglenoids is called:
(1) Cilia
(2) Flagellum
(3) Pseudopodia
(4) Pili
Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (2). Euglenoids possess a flagellum, a whip-like structure that helps in movement. This allows them to move toward light or nutrients. They exhibit both plant-like photosynthesis and animal-like locomotion, representing their unique position in Kingdom Protista.
Keyword Definitions:
Flagellum: Tail-like structure that enables cellular movement.
Assertion-Reason MCQ:
Assertion (A): Chrysophytes are golden-brown algae.
Reason (R): Their pigmentation helps them capture light for photosynthesis.
(1) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of A
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not correct explanation of A
(3) A is true, but R is false
(4) A is false, but R is true
Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Chrysophytes are golden-brown algae due to carotenoid pigments. These pigments optimize light absorption for photosynthesis in low-light aquatic environments. Their unique pigmentation is an evolutionary adaptation enhancing survival and photosynthetic efficiency in their habitats.
Keyword Definitions:
Carotenoids: Pigments that absorb light for photosynthesis, giving golden-brown color.
Matching Type MCQ: Match the organism with its characteristic:
A. Euglenoid 1. Photosynthetic with animal-like movement
B. Dinoflagellate 2. Marine plankton, some bioluminescent
C. Slime Mould 3. Aggregates to form multicellular structures
D. Chrysophyte 4. Golden-brown algae with carotenoids
(1) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(2) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
(3) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
(4) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Euglenoids are photosynthetic protists with animal-like motility. Dinoflagellates often exhibit bioluminescence. Slime moulds aggregate to form multicellular bodies during part of their lifecycle. Chrysophytes are golden-brown algae containing carotenoids for photosynthesis, showing diverse adaptations in Protista.
Keyword Definitions:
Bioluminescence: Light emission by living organisms.
Fill in the Blanks / Completion MCQ: Kingdom Protista mainly consists of __________ organisms.
(1) Multicellular
(2) Prokaryotic
(3) Unicellular eukaryotic
(4) Acellular
Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (3). Kingdom Protista is predominantly composed of unicellular eukaryotic organisms, though some are multicellular without specialized tissues. This group includes algae, protozoans, and slime moulds, representing an evolutionary link between prokaryotes and higher eukaryotes.
Keyword Definitions:
Unicellular Eukaryotes: Organisms with single cells containing a nucleus and organelles.
Choose the correct statements MCQ:
1. Euglenoids are photosynthetic protists with flagella.
2. Slime moulds are classified under Kingdom Fungi.
3. Dinoflagellates can be bioluminescent.
4. Chrysophytes contain carotenoids aiding photosynthesis.
(1) 1, 3, and 4 only
(2) 1 and 2 only
(3) 2 and 3 only
(4) All statements are correct
Answer & Explanation: The correct answer is (1). Euglenoids possess flagella and photosynthesize. Dinoflagellates are often bioluminescent. Chrysophytes have carotenoids. Slime moulds are protists, not fungi, despite similar life cycles. Their correct classification enhances our understanding of evolutionary relationships and organism functions in ecosystems.